ENOUGH WARS
"Believers enter all in Peace".
Index
- Preface
- Forging history
- Romans and Eslam
- Eslam at Andalusia , Egypt , Carthage , Italy and Sicily , Greece and Cyprus
- Eslam at middle east Mesopotamia , Phoenicia , Persia , India and most Asia
- Eslam at Iceland , South Africa , China and Siberia ...
- Some historical facts.
- Brothers
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Enough wars
- Preface
- Forging history
- Romans and Eslam
- Eslam at Andalusia , Egypt , Carthage , Italy and Sicily , Greece and Cyprus
- Eslam at middle east Mesopotamia , Phoenicia , Persia , India and most Asia
- Eslam at Iceland , South Africa , China and Siberia ...
- Some historical facts.
- Brothers
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Enough wars
Before fighting against truth with ignorance , intolerance and fanaticism
let's check with historical facts
Truth in different presentation
Forging History
Secret Histories
did you know :
- First simple Moslems conquered the Roman and Persian Empires with their comparatively small but bold army in less than 20 years.
- Simple illiterate Moslem Arabs became in a short time, leaders of the scientific and cultural world for over 800 years.
- Moslems, reached what is believed to be the new world and their army was for ages the unconquered army, that infidels feared the whole world was about to be Moslem.
- Arabs were known for their tolerance and keeping promises.
- The whole Roman sea (Mediterranean sea), came under Moslem rule for centuries (including Cyprus , Rhodes, Crete , Sicily , Malta , etc.), so as Roman Egypt, Syria , Anatolia , Bulgaria , Greece and eastern Europe. Historians also admit Switzerland, southern Germany, Scandinavia, France , Italy (including Venice), had been under Moslem rule , but after Venice was usurped by Normans during a barbaric Crusaders' attack (even Europeans admit crusades were intolerant greedy barbaric attacks ) contrasting greatly to tolerant Moslems. Venice was chosen as base for barbaric attacks on Moslems after kidnapping their scientists’ secrets of firearms.
- Even England came under Moslem rule (top secret history). And there were coins with the Moslem Caliph’s name.(eighth century A.D.)
- Plundering to Moslem territories started earlier, danger coming from the north, (mentioned in the old and new Testaments) , arrived by 8th century. The Vandals(northern pirates) after several years of plundering northern Europe, then retreating to the north each time, were finally defeated by Charles Martel, but made a deal with them to fight together and plunder Moslem territories , giving them a land to settle at Belgium , called Normandy , after their name northmen = Normans. Their army termed Francs. (claiming they've become new Israelis).
- The first defeat of a Moslem army was by Charles Martel (the illegitimate son of Pepin), at La Poitier (France), 732 A.D. Charles hence with the Normans continued to attack and plunder Moslem European territories.
- After the great earthquake and volcanic eruption, many Moslem islands at the Mediterranean drowned, including the island of Thira (Santorini – Greece ). This caused the weakness of Ommyad's Caliphs.
- Ironically the Abbasids Caliphs , who usurped Ommayad Moslem territories, co-operated with the Normans to conquer and divide Moslem lands, and Caliph Haron El Rashid was among those attending the celebration of Charlemagne as king of Romans at Rome .
- The new forged name of Roman Empire had nothing to do with the real Roman Empire which had been fully inherited by the Moslems : By mid 4th century A.D. , Romans under Constantine moved their western capital from old Rome to new Rome at Constantinople = Istanbul (Turkey now)., and since then western Rome diminished as a small town of no mention.
- Only by the 9th century Charlemagne decided to revive glories of ancient Rome, crowned himself as king of Rome (start of Catholicism creed) - schism with Constantinople (the true Orthodox Romans), causing fierce struggle between the two churches after he moved his papacy from France to Italy(Rome).
- By mid 10th century, king Otto of Germany, announced the creation of “The Holy Roman Empire Of the German Nation ”, and started on a series of ethnic cleansing to Moslems , Magyars and forcing Catholicism under threat of death. Hence Normans successive ethnic cleansing and forcing of the catholic creed on Europeans under threat of death or exile.
- Also Constantinople came early under Arab rule before the Ottoman Turks and the Seljuk Romans. Tolerant enough to keep the Orthodox emperor's office, but after the great volcanic eruption of 726A.D. the emperor grasped the chance to attack Moslems at the Eagan , Anatolia , Armenia and Iraq , repopulated its inhabitants , but Moslems returned their lands later.
- Historians discover lately that Fatimid Caliphs (who ruled over vast Moslem territories), were Jews who pretended to be Moslems, and not only gave themselves Moslem names but claimed to be from prophets house (far from truth); were early plotters of Zionism and secretly co-operated with crusaders handling them most of European Moslem territories in a successive wave of ethnic cleansing to all what is Moslem in Europe, and were reason for the success of the crusades in usurping Jerusalem from the Moslems for over a hundred year!
- Arabs were the pioneer travelers to the New Found lands - 800 years later Normans after imprisoning scientists, translating Arabic books, used their maps and geographers’ help to reach America . Hence European start their renaissance and renovation to what was once Eslamic.!
- Forging truth, cheating nations, rewriting history in their favor was one basic rule in the Zionists’ protocols, preparing to their final aim of conquering and ruling the world. (secret world government).
- Also destroying all religions except theirs, its followers ending up as being devil’s worshipers.
- The secret philosophic group with imperialistic aim, started late after Jewish exile to Babylonia (2nd century A.D.). Babel
- Zionist protocols shapes some basics of what the world secret government plans: prevailing materialism, twisting realities: saying something and meaning something else, using misleading propaganda , money and women to lead nations astray . Their ways: lying to Christians and Moslems , illusions to Jews that they’re the chosen nation and others inferior, arising fanaticism between nations and sects. Thus leading those who follow them directly to eternal gates of hell.
Did you know that :
- what’s happening to Moslems now is mentioned in Old and New testaments as what will happen to believers at the end of time.
- Trinity is a basic ancient Egyptian belief, later adopted by Jews and instilled through Shoal the Jew (Paul’s preaching) into Christianity.. Eslam rejected it as an unforgivable sin.
- Nothing today shines as the startling truth , how unfair people had been to the Truth: Eslam that came as a mercy leading people from darkness to Light.
- The Prophet Mohamed The Blessed , termed by his people : The Honest, The Never Lying, came as the Final Messenger to humankind reminding them of what was said by prophets before : their deeds would be finally judged :
Goodness wins
Infidelity and aggression : severest punishment.
References:
- Western Encyclopedia’s , including Encyclopedia Britannica & Encyclopedias of Fine Arts and Civilizations.
- Mc Graw Hill Encyclopedia of History (usually old editions before amending truth!)
- Shattering the myths by Bruce L.
- Moslems Discovery Of Europe by Bernard Louis.
- History Of Europe
- Others.
( just fill gaps ).
Read and decide
.
...
Eslam in Andalucia, Italy , Egypt , Greece, Cyprus , Malta
Andalusia ( Spain ) :
Spain (The Iberians)
Spain : true focus of the Iberians Civilization was the southeastern corner of the land . There a stock out of northern African ( Oran ) and probably (Berber) have been infiltrating ever since the aenealethic days of the Almeria culture (c.3000 B.C.) p.113.
Spain : during reign of Spain of Visigothic king Witisa 701-709 it seems certain that Julian , the imperial count or governor of Ceuta incited the Arab viceroy in north Africa by arrangement with the sons of Witisa..
By the time of Roderick's attacks (710-711) , the disintegration of the state was complete.
With the collapse of the Visigoth monarchy in Spain , the sons of Witisa (Visigothic king ) arranged with Musa Ibn Nusseir the Arab viceroy to enter Spain . As a result of invitation from Roderick's opponents , Tarek the Arab governor of Tangier crossed the straits of Gibraltar (to whom his name is attributed ) with 7000 men of Arabs and Berber in 711.
At the invitation of Roderick's opponents (sons of Visigothic King Witisa), the Arab governor of Tangier , crossed the straits of Gibraltar in 711 with Berbers , awaited Roderick to advance near the Laguna Janda, south of Nijer de la Frontier. There Roderick was defeated . Roderick himself disappearing from history . Arab forces laid siege to Ceuta , the last remnant of the Byzantine possessions. (Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 21 - p. 116.).
The sons of Witisa joined Tarek and encouraged him to advance northward.
Musa Ibn Nuseir crossed and dispatched his son AbdelAziz to the southeast before himself joining Tarek at Talabera.
His son Abdel Aziz settled at Portugal . They met little opposition on the whole.
Spanish Jews subjected to fierce persecution since the reign of Susiebut 611 -621 welcomed the tolerant invaders as liberators.
A number of high Visigothic nobles accepted Eslam.
Christian communities were left with their religious and legal independence intact and were protected by Koranic law. The Jews freed from persecution were eager allies and the serfs gained a measure of freedom.
Conversions were on large scale and the Spanish convert became the active and turbulent element in the general Moslem cities.
There were continuous immigrations of Arabs.
In 755 the Omayad prince AbdelRahman Ibn Moaweya escaping from the massacre of his relatives in Syria landed at Almunkar and with Kalbite support took Kordova. For more than thirty years he fought disorder . Al Hakam I laid the foundations of the literary culture which developed under the urban Abdel Rahman III who lifted the kingdom from disintegration to an apage , within twenty years he re-united Spain . He proclaimed himself Caliph in 929 taking the title of ElNasir (the victorious). Cordova became a metropolis enjoying immense reputation in Europe and prestige. The reign of his son El Hakam II was no less brilliant.
Weakness of Andalus Arabs was dissected by a number of petty rulers (Muluk El Tawaef) after the last Omayad prince was dethroned in 1031 and replaced by a republic.
Normans attack started.
Religious fanaticism made its appearance at the end of the eleventh century, the Christian conquest of Andalusia was undertaken in a spirit of intolerance that brought ruin to southern Spain and Sicily and severely damaged the economy of the conquering power, Castile . But fanaticism had to be moderated because it was recognized that without Moslem tribute the economic structure of Castile could not survive while digesting the newly conquered territories. Ferdinand II the saint 1217-52 embarked on a great series of campaign to subdue Andalusia , influenced by the crusaders' zeal instilled into the church by the lluniac and listercian orders.
Ferdinand at first expelled the Moslem inhabitants of Andalusian cities on masses but was later forced to modify his policy by the collapse of the Andalusian economy that inevitably ensued.
Grenadian Moslems were forced to create by hard work a high degree of productivity in their new state Granada in order to pay to Castile a large annual tribute.
Toledo now became famous throughout Europe as a center were Moslem philosophy and science were under made available in translation to European scholars under the stimuli of successive archbishops.
Moslems who had thronged to Granada for asylum were saved by the slowing of the Christian advance. while their effronteries inspired the most colorful and moving of the Spanish Ballads and their cities saw the revival of a score of fine crafts and trade with Italy and north Africa.
Above the thickly populated city of Granada rose the fortress of El Hamra and other places which fell to ruins after the conquest.
After a hard fought war of more than ten years catholic kings took the last Moslem kingdom of Cordoba .
Andalusian history was closely linked with that of north African coast until the last decade of the fifteenth century when monarchs of Castile and Aragon forbade their former Moslem subjects to communicate with them under pain of death.
Spain - Again :
After the Visigoth's kingdom was split apart, With Rodriquez usurping the Visigoth's king lands, Witisa's (Wichita's) sons fled to Africa and called help from Arab amirs; together they planned with Musa ibn Nusseir to regain Spain.
Tarek Ibn Zeyad accepted their plea and together they marched north.
In 712 bishop Opas joined them , while Musa Ibn Nusseir crossed Gibraltar and put his son Abdel Aziz in the southern eastern of Iberia and marched north to join Tarek at Talavir, they continued victoriously till Lion, mid France and Galacia before they returned Damascus at the Ommayad's caliph's order.
Jews welcomed Moslems as liberators especially after bishop Salisbut 's orders of 612 - 622 A.D. to forcibly baptize Jews under threat of death and confiscate their properties. In many towns inhabitants opened their city gates for the tolerant Moslem liberators.
Arabs left ruling of these countries to its inhabitants whom many of its citizens chose to convert to the tolerant religion.
Witisa's sons were satisfied with this great victory. Achilla got his properties back that were confiscated by Roderick and lived luxuriously in Toledo . His brother Artavasdas took title cont in Cordova, which he changed after adopting Eslam to Abo Saeid. While Almond ruled at Seville .
Bishop Opas chose to live at Toledo with Arabs.
As to Julian after he revenged by this great victory, he went to Damascus to meet the Caliph , then returned to Cordoba as his son Palavais ruled after him.
Religious rights were returned to the Jews who enjoyed religious freedom and could reach highest scientific and employment ranks. As in Moslem cities , Christians too enjoyed their religious freedom .
Gradually most of Andalusia 's inhabitants converted to Eslam
Dynasties end :
Were Muhades batenies ?
Bateni = adopting namely a belief to crush it and its followers from inside.
Almuhades started their rule by destroying Murabeteen (tied together ones) in Andalusia .
Its founder Ben Tumert (son of Martin) journeyed east where Battenis' erected centers for their preaching, then returned to north east Africa 1118 spending years of religious and political propaganda among tribes of the Atlas, his followers then rooted Almoravides at 1147 who had already been helping Spanish Moslems against successive Norman attacks. Parallel to this Ferdinand II was embarking on a great series of campaign that culminated in the surrender of Seville 1248.
After years of attacks , the last Moslem kingdom of the peninsula fell to the catholic kings.
So as to the last Moslem ruler Abo Abdela (no matter about his name), a bateni who was under Isabella and Ferdinand's orders, made sure no ammunitions reached stuck Moslems and didn't allow any help to reach their territories till the last of them were deported by ships that were frequently holed or drowned in mid-sea , while he was lavishly paid , and rewarded by Isabella and Ferdinand.
Bateni : namely Moslems or Christians , Buddhists or whatever are hypocrites mentioned in holy books that we all are awaiting their final promised end .
-------------------------------------------------------------
Romans and Eslam :
In 330 A.D. emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople (later Istanbul ). Western Roman capital nearly faded to exist. His empire included Anatolian lands , parts of Iraq , middle east, Egypt , Tunisia , eastern Europe and southern Italy . With the arrival of Eslam , several Roman dynasties adopted Eslam . From these dynasties were the Seljuk Romans; they were Romans from Anatolia , southern Constantinople and were named after their chieftain Seljuk.
Many of the Seljuk Romans immigrated to Moslem Caliphate lands and gradually were powerful enough to find their Seljuk Roman dynasty by the tenth century. Several dynasties existed before them , but the Seljuk Romans ruled most of the Roman cities and their state was enlarged to include Persia east , and eastern Europe to the west. Their successive victories caused Frank's fear and were the real reason for their crusading campaigns. But Seljuk Romans triumphed again at Menzekert battle at Constantinople 1097 A.D.
Seljuk Romans considered themselves heirs of Roman emperors and took titles emperors of Romans , Persians and Arabs. Again franks attacked Moslems by their first sudden crusade in 1098 which caused horrible massacres and genocide of Moslems and Jews in Jerusalem . They then enforced Catholicism on the Moslem states they attacked; but the following crusades were all shameful failures; the last was their Balkan attack at Necropolis , that caused the destruction of their army and the victory of Orhans or Ottomans(Seljuk Romans successors).
Orhans or Ottomans considered themselves heirs of the Seljuk Romans, they were as them from Anatolia , adopted Eslam and were called after their chieftain Ottoman son of Orhan.
Their rule lasted from 1300 - 1924 A.D. Their capital was Constantinople (Asetana or Istanbul ).
They inherited from the Romans , the Roman bath or pool (Turkish bath) , and were pioneers in architecture which is considered the base for many present European buildings.
This dynasty became for centuries the greatest world power and the strongest fleet in the Mediterranean for more than 500 years.
By the mid 18th century westerns and Russians allied to attack Ottomans by land and by sea conspiring with the minority ethnic groups in the Ottoman states. They attacked Ottoman's fleet at Navarino ( Napflio = Greece 's capital then).
Hundreds of Moslem states were attacked and its inhabitants ethnic cleansed or forced to flee to the nearest still Ottoman states. Names of cities were later changed as Odessa , Georgia , etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Eslam in Egypt :
Egypt : with its pharaoh history that extends more than thirty (30) pharaohnic dynasty from 5000B.C. , is considered one of the most ancient civilizations, with the 30th and last pharaonic dynasty 3rd. c. B.C., its capital was Spentinos, east delta.
Egypt was under several attacks by Persians, then it was conquered by Alexander the Macedonian who moved the capital to Alexandria .
Then Ptolemys ruled from 323B.C. - 30 B.C. and considered themselves inheritors of the pharaohs.}}Cleopatra VII's was the last Ptolemy ruler, she was about to marry Anthony and rule Rome from Egypt, but Octavious waged war against them and Augustus won victory in the battle of Actium 30 B.C. and Egypt became Roman state.
In 3rd c. the Egyptian gods reached Greece and Rome and in 3rd c. Karkalla built a temple for Sirapis on the Carnal. Serapis = Iziz and Oziris with different names..
In 320 A.D. Roman emperor Constantine for some political reasons adopted Christianity and imposed it on all Roman states, and shared by himself in roman religious councils adopting many elements from his previous religion (worshiping sun).
In 389 A.d. emperor Theodosius closed all pagan temples , and many ancient Egyptian temples and monuments were destroyed. and imposed Christian monophisizm on Egypt .
When Christianity arrived then, though it overran this pagan traditions yet it adopted many of its previous pagan religion.
(Ancient Egyptian Religion - by A. Estindorf).
In 451 roman emperors at Constantinople waged war against Egypt 's churchmen , and in their council declared roman melachites (trinity), should prevail in roman churches. War between them continued till the Persian conquest of Egypt 617 - 628 A.D.
In 640 A.D. Romans regained Egypt and imposed their malacihte (trinity dogma) on all Egyptian churches and very brutally executed Egyptian monophisites church clergies. But that was for only one year.
In 641 victorious Moslems entered Egypt as Egyptians' liberators .
Amr Ebn Elaas had treaty with Syros , assuring non-Moslems their rights and safety..
Egyptians considered Moslems' arrival as their tolerant liberators from Romans' tyranny .
Romans were defeated after the native inhabitants opened their cities and castle gates welcoming the Moslem allies ; and it was proved that merging between them was as simple as they considered themselves relatives, Moslems considered them family as Abraham's wife and mother of prophet Ismaeil (peace on them), was from Egypt.
Ethnically Egyptians remained as they were ancient Egyptians, but culturally they were born anew as they assembled their new language culture and traditions .
Though freedom of religions was guaranteed as in most Moslem countries yet Convert was on large scale .
Egyptian Copts chose to convert to Tolerant Eslam by groups.
When Arabs arrived , Nile valley inhabitants were already a quiet different nation from those of ancient Egyptians . After Romans had imposed Christianity on them , Christians had their own language that differed from that of ancient Egyptians , Christian monks used language borrowed from the Greek and it contained only nine (9) letters from the ancient Egyptians.
Egypt and Egyptians by Alex Vasili.
Egypt 's role and civilization flourished once again.
Tulonides, fatimides, Ayubians, Mamluks, Ottomans, whose rule continued till the British conquest and division of Arabian states.
Many foreign conquerors tried later to cause friction between the majority Moslems and the Christians, as hiring Christians agents as the British did but Moslems' tolerance always triumphed.
Note : mun= god of copt .
Copts : from the original word coft that meant originally Taka Ha refering to Betah (بتاح ) god menph worshiped . Copt refers to Kaft the nearest city to the read sea
Copt (or Coft ) was an eastern Egyptian city , on trade routes from the Nile to the red sea.
mun as herpis = god of fields and roads was portrayed by stones.
Since the second dynasty ancient Egyptians began to embody their gods in the shape of men. some gods as baal of Memphis god of Heliopolis , and abis god of mnph.
kings considered themselves representative of these gods on earth and pharaoh was considered son of god with the triad symbolizing their god - son of god - and spirit .
Very Ancient Egyptian chronicles :
" Egypt gift of the Nile ", a sentence said by Hecateih then echoed by Herodot and repeated by others.
In ancient times the Nile valley was inhabited by Africans , not only those of northern Sudan but also Egyptians and their language was of African origin and their religion didn't differ much than that of many African tribes, gradually small cities were found ruled by chieftains.
A flood of Bedouins flooded the cities, their origin was Arabian lands of Semitic race through the Suez route. They enormously invaded the land and conquered it.
The African race did not resist these immigration waves , but adopted their language mixing many of it with the Egyptian original language... Soon the two races merged together and they became one language.
Though nothing remains to us from this prehistoric ancient Semitic wave.
Since the dawn of history there were several cities , but finally two main ones remained, in the upper and the lower Egypt. The main capital of Delta was Edfo in the north, and that of the south was Ebis.
They finally were united by king Mena in 3310 B.C. with its capital Heliopolis .
But again they split into upper and lower states, with the northern capital as Buno and the southern one Nakhb el cap.
Struggle between them occurred and southern cities plundered delta and ruled it by force forming a new united dynasty first at Memph and then at Thebes . During the third dynasty the capital moved to Memphis .
From 3rd - 11th dynasties 2000 -2160 B.C. Mid dynasty 12th dynasty , art flourished and Nuba was conquered. Heksos invaded Egypt and occupied it for 100 years 1580 -1680 B.C . New dynasty 18th and 20th dynasties.
Syria became an Egyptian state after being united to Egypt and Egyptians conquers extended till Euphrates in Iraq .
During the 20th c. Great priest of Amoun usurped the rule in Thebes ( Luxor ) , but army officers usurped rule from them.
Assyrians plundered Egyptian cities and ruled from 22rd - 25th dynasty (dark ages), till their defeat by Besmatik .
New Renaisance age : commerce and art flourished . In 525 B.C. Kembiz invaded Egypt and it became part of Persian empire till 322 B.C. as Alexander the Macedonian invaded Egypt .
After him Egypt was ruled by Ptolemys for three centuries .
...
Eslam in Andalucia, Italy , Egypt , Greece, Cyprus , Malta
Andalusia ( Spain ) :
Spain (The Iberians)
Spain : true focus of the Iberians Civilization was the southeastern corner of the land . There a stock out of northern African ( Oran ) and probably (Berber) have been infiltrating ever since the aenealethic days of the Almeria culture (c.3000 B.C.) p.113.
Spain : during reign of Spain of Visigothic king Witisa 701-709 it seems certain that Julian , the imperial count or governor of Ceuta incited the Arab viceroy in north Africa by arrangement with the sons of Witisa..
By the time of Roderick's attacks (710-711) , the disintegration of the state was complete.
With the collapse of the Visigoth monarchy in Spain , the sons of Witisa (Visigothic king ) arranged with Musa Ibn Nusseir the Arab viceroy to enter Spain . As a result of invitation from Roderick's opponents , Tarek the Arab governor of Tangier crossed the straits of Gibraltar (to whom his name is attributed ) with 7000 men of Arabs and Berber in 711.
At the invitation of Roderick's opponents (sons of Visigothic King Witisa), the Arab governor of Tangier , crossed the straits of Gibraltar in 711 with Berbers , awaited Roderick to advance near the Laguna Janda, south of Nijer de la Frontier. There Roderick was defeated . Roderick himself disappearing from history . Arab forces laid siege to Ceuta , the last remnant of the Byzantine possessions. (Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 21 - p. 116.).
The sons of Witisa joined Tarek and encouraged him to advance northward.
Musa Ibn Nuseir crossed and dispatched his son AbdelAziz to the southeast before himself joining Tarek at Talabera.
His son Abdel Aziz settled at Portugal . They met little opposition on the whole.
Spanish Jews subjected to fierce persecution since the reign of Susiebut 611 -621 welcomed the tolerant invaders as liberators.
A number of high Visigothic nobles accepted Eslam.
Christian communities were left with their religious and legal independence intact and were protected by Koranic law. The Jews freed from persecution were eager allies and the serfs gained a measure of freedom.
Conversions were on large scale and the Spanish convert became the active and turbulent element in the general Moslem cities.
There were continuous immigrations of Arabs.
In 755 the Omayad prince AbdelRahman Ibn Moaweya escaping from the massacre of his relatives in Syria landed at Almunkar and with Kalbite support took Kordova. For more than thirty years he fought disorder . Al Hakam I laid the foundations of the literary culture which developed under the urban Abdel Rahman III who lifted the kingdom from disintegration to an apage , within twenty years he re-united Spain . He proclaimed himself Caliph in 929 taking the title of ElNasir (the victorious). Cordova became a metropolis enjoying immense reputation in Europe and prestige. The reign of his son El Hakam II was no less brilliant.
Weakness of Andalus Arabs was dissected by a number of petty rulers (Muluk El Tawaef) after the last Omayad prince was dethroned in 1031 and replaced by a republic.
Normans attack started.
Religious fanaticism made its appearance at the end of the eleventh century, the Christian conquest of Andalusia was undertaken in a spirit of intolerance that brought ruin to southern Spain and Sicily and severely damaged the economy of the conquering power, Castile . But fanaticism had to be moderated because it was recognized that without Moslem tribute the economic structure of Castile could not survive while digesting the newly conquered territories. Ferdinand II the saint 1217-52 embarked on a great series of campaign to subdue Andalusia , influenced by the crusaders' zeal instilled into the church by the lluniac and listercian orders.
Ferdinand at first expelled the Moslem inhabitants of Andalusian cities on masses but was later forced to modify his policy by the collapse of the Andalusian economy that inevitably ensued.
Grenadian Moslems were forced to create by hard work a high degree of productivity in their new state Granada in order to pay to Castile a large annual tribute.
Toledo now became famous throughout Europe as a center were Moslem philosophy and science were under made available in translation to European scholars under the stimuli of successive archbishops.
Moslems who had thronged to Granada for asylum were saved by the slowing of the Christian advance. while their effronteries inspired the most colorful and moving of the Spanish Ballads and their cities saw the revival of a score of fine crafts and trade with Italy and north Africa.
Above the thickly populated city of Granada rose the fortress of El Hamra and other places which fell to ruins after the conquest.
After a hard fought war of more than ten years catholic kings took the last Moslem kingdom of Cordoba .
Andalusian history was closely linked with that of north African coast until the last decade of the fifteenth century when monarchs of Castile and Aragon forbade their former Moslem subjects to communicate with them under pain of death.
Spain - Again :
After the Visigoth's kingdom was split apart, With Rodriquez usurping the Visigoth's king lands, Witisa's (Wichita's) sons fled to Africa and called help from Arab amirs; together they planned with Musa ibn Nusseir to regain Spain.
Tarek Ibn Zeyad accepted their plea and together they marched north.
In 712 bishop Opas joined them , while Musa Ibn Nusseir crossed Gibraltar and put his son Abdel Aziz in the southern eastern of Iberia and marched north to join Tarek at Talavir, they continued victoriously till Lion, mid France and Galacia before they returned Damascus at the Ommayad's caliph's order.
Jews welcomed Moslems as liberators especially after bishop Salisbut 's orders of 612 - 622 A.D. to forcibly baptize Jews under threat of death and confiscate their properties. In many towns inhabitants opened their city gates for the tolerant Moslem liberators.
Arabs left ruling of these countries to its inhabitants whom many of its citizens chose to convert to the tolerant religion.
Witisa's sons were satisfied with this great victory. Achilla got his properties back that were confiscated by Roderick and lived luxuriously in Toledo . His brother Artavasdas took title cont in Cordova, which he changed after adopting Eslam to Abo Saeid. While Almond ruled at Seville .
Bishop Opas chose to live at Toledo with Arabs.
As to Julian after he revenged by this great victory, he went to Damascus to meet the Caliph , then returned to Cordoba as his son Palavais ruled after him.
Religious rights were returned to the Jews who enjoyed religious freedom and could reach highest scientific and employment ranks. As in Moslem cities , Christians too enjoyed their religious freedom .
Gradually most of Andalusia 's inhabitants converted to Eslam
Dynasties end :
Were Muhades batenies ?
Bateni = adopting namely a belief to crush it and its followers from inside.
Almuhades started their rule by destroying Murabeteen (tied together ones) in Andalusia .
Its founder Ben Tumert (son of Martin) journeyed east where Battenis' erected centers for their preaching, then returned to north east Africa 1118 spending years of religious and political propaganda among tribes of the Atlas, his followers then rooted Almoravides at 1147 who had already been helping Spanish Moslems against successive Norman attacks. Parallel to this Ferdinand II was embarking on a great series of campaign that culminated in the surrender of Seville 1248.
After years of attacks , the last Moslem kingdom of the peninsula fell to the catholic kings.
So as to the last Moslem ruler Abo Abdela (no matter about his name), a bateni who was under Isabella and Ferdinand's orders, made sure no ammunitions reached stuck Moslems and didn't allow any help to reach their territories till the last of them were deported by ships that were frequently holed or drowned in mid-sea , while he was lavishly paid , and rewarded by Isabella and Ferdinand.
Bateni : namely Moslems or Christians , Buddhists or whatever are hypocrites mentioned in holy books that we all are awaiting their final promised end .
-------------------------------------------------------------
Romans and Eslam :
In 330 A.D. emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople (later Istanbul ). Western Roman capital nearly faded to exist. His empire included Anatolian lands , parts of Iraq , middle east, Egypt , Tunisia , eastern Europe and southern Italy . With the arrival of Eslam , several Roman dynasties adopted Eslam . From these dynasties were the Seljuk Romans; they were Romans from Anatolia , southern Constantinople and were named after their chieftain Seljuk.
Many of the Seljuk Romans immigrated to Moslem Caliphate lands and gradually were powerful enough to find their Seljuk Roman dynasty by the tenth century. Several dynasties existed before them , but the Seljuk Romans ruled most of the Roman cities and their state was enlarged to include Persia east , and eastern Europe to the west. Their successive victories caused Frank's fear and were the real reason for their crusading campaigns. But Seljuk Romans triumphed again at Menzekert battle at Constantinople 1097 A.D.
Seljuk Romans considered themselves heirs of Roman emperors and took titles emperors of Romans , Persians and Arabs. Again franks attacked Moslems by their first sudden crusade in 1098 which caused horrible massacres and genocide of Moslems and Jews in Jerusalem . They then enforced Catholicism on the Moslem states they attacked; but the following crusades were all shameful failures; the last was their Balkan attack at Necropolis , that caused the destruction of their army and the victory of Orhans or Ottomans(Seljuk Romans successors).
Orhans or Ottomans considered themselves heirs of the Seljuk Romans, they were as them from Anatolia , adopted Eslam and were called after their chieftain Ottoman son of Orhan.
Their rule lasted from 1300 - 1924 A.D. Their capital was Constantinople (Asetana or Istanbul ).
They inherited from the Romans , the Roman bath or pool (Turkish bath) , and were pioneers in architecture which is considered the base for many present European buildings.
This dynasty became for centuries the greatest world power and the strongest fleet in the Mediterranean for more than 500 years.
By the mid 18th century westerns and Russians allied to attack Ottomans by land and by sea conspiring with the minority ethnic groups in the Ottoman states. They attacked Ottoman's fleet at Navarino ( Napflio = Greece 's capital then).
Hundreds of Moslem states were attacked and its inhabitants ethnic cleansed or forced to flee to the nearest still Ottoman states. Names of cities were later changed as Odessa , Georgia , etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Eslam in Egypt :
Egypt : with its pharaoh history that extends more than thirty (30) pharaohnic dynasty from 5000B.C. , is considered one of the most ancient civilizations, with the 30th and last pharaonic dynasty 3rd. c. B.C., its capital was Spentinos, east delta.
Egypt was under several attacks by Persians, then it was conquered by Alexander the Macedonian who moved the capital to Alexandria .
Then Ptolemys ruled from 323B.C. - 30 B.C. and considered themselves inheritors of the pharaohs.}}Cleopatra VII's was the last Ptolemy ruler, she was about to marry Anthony and rule Rome from Egypt, but Octavious waged war against them and Augustus won victory in the battle of Actium 30 B.C. and Egypt became Roman state.
In 3rd c. the Egyptian gods reached Greece and Rome and in 3rd c. Karkalla built a temple for Sirapis on the Carnal. Serapis = Iziz and Oziris with different names..
In 320 A.D. Roman emperor Constantine for some political reasons adopted Christianity and imposed it on all Roman states, and shared by himself in roman religious councils adopting many elements from his previous religion (worshiping sun).
In 389 A.d. emperor Theodosius closed all pagan temples , and many ancient Egyptian temples and monuments were destroyed. and imposed Christian monophisizm on Egypt .
When Christianity arrived then, though it overran this pagan traditions yet it adopted many of its previous pagan religion.
(Ancient Egyptian Religion - by A. Estindorf).
In 451 roman emperors at Constantinople waged war against Egypt 's churchmen , and in their council declared roman melachites (trinity), should prevail in roman churches. War between them continued till the Persian conquest of Egypt 617 - 628 A.D.
In 640 A.D. Romans regained Egypt and imposed their malacihte (trinity dogma) on all Egyptian churches and very brutally executed Egyptian monophisites church clergies. But that was for only one year.
In 641 victorious Moslems entered Egypt as Egyptians' liberators .
Amr Ebn Elaas had treaty with Syros , assuring non-Moslems their rights and safety..
Egyptians considered Moslems' arrival as their tolerant liberators from Romans' tyranny .
Romans were defeated after the native inhabitants opened their cities and castle gates welcoming the Moslem allies ; and it was proved that merging between them was as simple as they considered themselves relatives, Moslems considered them family as Abraham's wife and mother of prophet Ismaeil (peace on them), was from Egypt.
Ethnically Egyptians remained as they were ancient Egyptians, but culturally they were born anew as they assembled their new language culture and traditions .
Though freedom of religions was guaranteed as in most Moslem countries yet Convert was on large scale .
Egyptian Copts chose to convert to Tolerant Eslam by groups.
When Arabs arrived , Nile valley inhabitants were already a quiet different nation from those of ancient Egyptians . After Romans had imposed Christianity on them , Christians had their own language that differed from that of ancient Egyptians , Christian monks used language borrowed from the Greek and it contained only nine (9) letters from the ancient Egyptians.
Egypt and Egyptians by Alex Vasili.
Egypt 's role and civilization flourished once again.
Tulonides, fatimides, Ayubians, Mamluks, Ottomans, whose rule continued till the British conquest and division of Arabian states.
Many foreign conquerors tried later to cause friction between the majority Moslems and the Christians, as hiring Christians agents as the British did but Moslems' tolerance always triumphed.
Note : mun= god of copt .
Copts : from the original word coft that meant originally Taka Ha refering to Betah (بتاح ) god menph worshiped . Copt refers to Kaft the nearest city to the read sea
Copt (or Coft ) was an eastern Egyptian city , on trade routes from the Nile to the red sea.
mun as herpis = god of fields and roads was portrayed by stones.
Since the second dynasty ancient Egyptians began to embody their gods in the shape of men. some gods as baal of Memphis god of Heliopolis , and abis god of mnph.
kings considered themselves representative of these gods on earth and pharaoh was considered son of god with the triad symbolizing their god - son of god - and spirit .
Very Ancient Egyptian chronicles :
" Egypt gift of the Nile ", a sentence said by Hecateih then echoed by Herodot and repeated by others.
In ancient times the Nile valley was inhabited by Africans , not only those of northern Sudan but also Egyptians and their language was of African origin and their religion didn't differ much than that of many African tribes, gradually small cities were found ruled by chieftains.
A flood of Bedouins flooded the cities, their origin was Arabian lands of Semitic race through the Suez route. They enormously invaded the land and conquered it.
The African race did not resist these immigration waves , but adopted their language mixing many of it with the Egyptian original language... Soon the two races merged together and they became one language.
Though nothing remains to us from this prehistoric ancient Semitic wave.
Since the dawn of history there were several cities , but finally two main ones remained, in the upper and the lower Egypt. The main capital of Delta was Edfo in the north, and that of the south was Ebis.
They finally were united by king Mena in 3310 B.C. with its capital Heliopolis .
But again they split into upper and lower states, with the northern capital as Buno and the southern one Nakhb el cap.
Struggle between them occurred and southern cities plundered delta and ruled it by force forming a new united dynasty first at Memph and then at Thebes . During the third dynasty the capital moved to Memphis .
From 3rd - 11th dynasties 2000 -2160 B.C. Mid dynasty 12th dynasty , art flourished and Nuba was conquered. Heksos invaded Egypt and occupied it for 100 years 1580 -1680 B.C . New dynasty 18th and 20th dynasties.
Syria became an Egyptian state after being united to Egypt and Egyptians conquers extended till Euphrates in Iraq .
During the 20th c. Great priest of Amoun usurped the rule in Thebes ( Luxor ) , but army officers usurped rule from them.
Assyrians plundered Egyptian cities and ruled from 22rd - 25th dynasty (dark ages), till their defeat by Besmatik .
New Renaisance age : commerce and art flourished . In 525 B.C. Kembiz invaded Egypt and it became part of Persian empire till 322 B.C. as Alexander the Macedonian invaded Egypt .
After him Egypt was ruled by Ptolemys for three centuries .
Carthage :
Northern Africa became part of the Roman empire with its capital city Carthage .
When Eslam arrived, Okba Ibn Nafei entered north Africa with no resistance from Romans to be mentioned. He found Kairawan , capital of Tunisia 670 A.D. , and continued victoriously till the Atlantic ocean . There was no resistance from Tunisians or Algerians or Moroccans, yet it came from the Berbers first , but as they came to know Eslam they adopted it. In 970 Fatimides moved their capital from Kairawan in Tunisia to Cairo in Egypt . They left Kairawan under the rule of their allies : The Zaidi Sanhaga Berbers , who before were ruling in Ashir (mid Morrocco). Rule of Muravides, then Mohades from great Atlas , Hafezides in Tunisia , Merinides in Morocco , till the arrival of Ottomans
brothers Babaroda.
—————————————————————
Eslam at Italy :
Arab immigration to Europe started by the seventh century.
In 743, an epidemic attacked Arabian lands.At Constantinople, Caliph Elwalid was attacked by Constantine who in his attacks, massacred Arabians at Cyprus and Armenia 751, 752, then took khanate of Bulgaria by surprise after pretending to ally with them and massacred them in what he named the nobel war. But Arabs regained those territories later.
He then attacked Sicily, whose governor Elpidus fled to Africa where Arabs crowned him king of Romans and allying together they regained Sicily 782; regaining back Calabria till Apulia, Barry, Toronto, and allying with Roman governor Tiberius, victorious Arabs reached Ancona and Venice . They had their fortresses especially at Barry, and Venice where they controlled its trade ships.. Amani ibn Nusair allied with Radelshis who welcomed victorious arabs and together they won victory at Benserto. Hearing that Sincolf (Radelshi’s foe), tried to ally with Andalusian Arabs whose victories by that time reached France and Switzerland . p.384., Corsica, Sardinia, Arabs dwelled in Pergia, Aschia, Rome , Cap Messino , Naples , Gatia, Amalia, Sorrento , Capua . In 852 Louis II attacked Arabs and killed their leader Khalfon, who was succeeded by sultan Farag ibn Selim who reigned and built fortresses at Capero, Naples , San vencingo and other places. at Capero, Naples , San Vincengo, Coloure Valerno and Mont … Brindisi , Trajetto, Garigians , Rome , and other places , and tribute was paid for them.
In 910 John X tried to attack Arabs but was defeated & Mahdi Husein Ibn Ali was governor till 965 for Calabria Apulia and Genoa , paid visits to Sardinia and Corsica . and was able to defeat king Otto at Stella shore in Toronto . In the year 1000 the khalbite amirs were rulers in northern Italy .
Salerno was a cultural center and the first medical university in Europe .
——————————————————-
Sicily:
Moslems’ descendants from Africa began in 705.
During and after Moslem rule , large Arab immigration took place. There was gradual spread of Eslam in Sicily . After the Byzantine emperor Caustas II was assassinated during a rebellion at Syracuse in 668, Meziz was proclaimed emperor by Byzantine militia but fell from power 669. The rebellion was followed by other risings 718-781. In 827 Euphemires who had been proclaimed emperor on Sicily appeared for help to the Arabian Aghlabid amir of Africa , but the Ephameris was murdered by Sicilians 828. A Byzantine offensive was led by Basil I , but in 878 Arabs had victory at Syracuse and Taurmina. Arabs were governors by 878.
By 902 Arabs were practically masters of Sicily .
In 902 Aghlabids amirs of north Africa were ruling followed by the Fatimids ,and by mid 10th century ruling became hereditary during Khalides rule.
Arabian immigration increased and convert to Eslam was on large scale which made these states not only political part of Arabian rule world but socially and culturally too, and as in most Eslamic countries , Christians and Jews enjoyed tolerance and freedom of worship in return for paying tribute that was much less than the Roman levied before.
From 902 to 909 Sicily was under the Aghlabids then it passed to the Fatimides.
In 1060 Normans attacks began on Sicily . Internal strives among the Arabs served Roger I well in Sakalia ( Sicily ) . (Arab amir of Syracuse and Toluene with the amir of gerganti(Agreganti) and Costa Giovanni(Ena) .
In 1059 Normans began attacking Sicily after Italy , pope Necolaos II ordered Robert Gerscar to attack Apollonia, Galacia then Sicily after finishing the task with Italian Moslems. king Roger I grasped the chance of internal conflict between Arabs. He attacked Sicily 1060 and in his attack with Robert , stormed Palermo , then Nato 1091.
In 1130 Roger II announced himself king of Sicily and united it with Apulia dukedom and states of southern Italy .
By order of popes Arabian books were translated. Constantine the African was Roger’s secretary. He translated scientific and medical books from Arabic to Latin - Alfanos translated scientific books. Archbishop of Salerno - and Jewish Farag ben Selim wrote from Arabic in Salerno . Roger ordered Arabian geographers among which was Idrisi to translate Arabic books and Arabian maps. On Rogers ’s orders scientists translated books from Arabic to Latin .
Roger continued his attacks to north Africa , where he attacked Djerba in Tunis 1146 and Mahdeia 1166 , but Arabs raised and ended the occupation , while Sicily and Italian territories were never again Arabian .
Normans didn’t forget their fiefs in Africa and attacked several more times , but all failed. Arabian books and renovation works was the base for the renaissance.
Gradually Arabic faded and Normans substituted it with Latin.
————————————————-
Happened at Sicily :
In 535 A.D. Sicily and Dalmatia were united. by Justinian’s man Belzerik. Euphemize rebelled against Constantine as taxes were very highly raised by church. Sicily : Sicilian rulers used to send wheat to Egyptian rulers in Cairo . Gawhar Sakali (the Sicilian) , was the fatimid who conquered Egypt and caused friction in the Moslem world).
Sicily was for a while owned by king of Egypt and paid annual tribute for Fatimides, and it was its last ruler ben Baebae that allied with the Normans , (ruler of Catania a bateni= hidden agent), writings of ibn Tamima denotes he was allying with the Normans . His ships carrying Moslems to Africa were drowned by sea. When Moslems screamed for help from the Moez ben Badisto to save them from the Norman attacks , he sent them a fleet that was drowned at sea , as Helalin seized the city allowing Normans to enter , slaughter the youth and rob cities.
All mosques were ruined or closed and converted to churches.
Normans attacks finished by 1190.
Roger the norman king took the moslem titleالملك المعظم المعتز بالله المقتدر بقدرته وكانت علامته الحمد لله شكرا لأنعمه ,, and his ancestors used the mazala used by the Fatimid in north Africa.
Buni Umcin was the council’s name, this title was used also to name the Jewish council.
Galialm , Roger’s son spoke Arabic and surrounded himself with Moslem guards.
As ibn El Thamna says his mark wasالحمد لله حق حمده .
The diwan they used for land and slaves also existed at the fatimides diwan.
In 1160 Mayon, Galialm’s minister , disarmed Sicilian Moslems and forbade them any weapons; while Lombards grasped the chance to slaughter the armless citizens and plunder their towns.
Moslems at Palermo , as other towns , were slaughtered at homes, hotels, inns and shops .
It is said that among celebrities murdered were the poet Alkafs Yehia ibn Elnakash and the geographer El Idrisi.
———————————————————
Greece and Cyprus
Greece :
Up until the early decades of the 20th century many parts of Greece , Crete , Macedonia , and islands were in Moslem rule .The Balkan wars of 1912-13, and the exchange of Greek and Turkish population changed everything in a brutal manner . Also the civil war after WWII and the seven years of military dictatorship under the colonels junta 1967-73.
By 1827, Russia , France and Britain had finally agreed to seek autonomy for certain parts of Greece . Turkish-Egyptian fleet in Navarino was attacked and destroyed.
The following year Russia declared war on Turkey and the Sultan was forced to accept the existence of an autonomous country.
In 1830 its independence was confirmed by the western powers and borders were drawn. Orthodox Russians were encouraged to immigrate there. Great western powers imposed the first president for the republic, Capadestrio who was assassinated by 2 chieftains (Vendetta) 1831.
They then decided to create a monarchy and put in the thrown a Bavarian prince Otto son of Ludwig , who proved an autocratic ruler bringing in fellow Germans to fill in posts.
In 1862 he was forced from the country by a popular revolt and again Europeans introduced a new prince from Denmark George I.
Athens was the edge of territories for the new forged Greece , which was yet to include northern Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia or any of the islands beyond the Cyclades.
Capital and court were moved from Napflio to Athens in 1834.
In 1897 Athens failed to achieve enosis (union ) with Crete by attacking Moslems in the mainland in the process which virtually bankrupted the state.
The outset of 1821 revolution :villages at Patra, Corinth 's, Athens and virtually all other Moslem villages were put to the sword. Survivors of the various massacres fled north , to the territories that remained under Ottoman control. The expansion of the forged Greek nation thereafter resulted in the decline of the Moslem population.
New expansions or conquests of Thessaly : in 1878, Epirus , Macedonia , the north Eagan and Crete in 1913 provoked a wave of Moslem immigration to the other side of receding Ottoman frontier .
Moslems or Turks as it was a genuine term for any Moslem even Greek Moslems were subjected to various expulsion orders. The Moslems of Crete were forced to choose between apostasy to Christianity or exile. Those who opt to stand by their faith were summarily deported to the closest Ottoman border, either Koch or nearby village of Platani and Rhodes (still Moslem by then).
But even after the 1878, 1913 acquisitions of Thessaly , Epirus and Macedonia , Moslem villages continued to exist in these regions .
The Tsamidhes, an Albanian Moslem tribe localized in Epirus and Thespratia existed until 1940-41 , but after that were hunted dawn and expelled by national army and guerilla bands.
Thessalonici : when the city passed to new orthodox Greek control, the authorities allowed the pure Jews to stay but insisted on the departure of Moslems.
World war I , a new king Constantine was imposed - Eleftherias Venezelos reorganized alliance of Balkan powers to fight the two Balkan wars (1912-13) campaigns that saw Moslems virtually driven from Europe, on its completion, and the capitulation of Bulgaria .
Thrace was occupied. In 1920 monarchists factions took over.
WWI was also the end of Moslem populations in islands of Thasos, Somethraki and Samos (exodus to Smyrna ).
In 1936 King George II appointed general John Metaxas as prime minister.
By end of May 1941 German invading forces completed occupation of Crete and other islands- joint Italian-German occupation of Greece where nearly half a million civilians starved to death as food was requisitioned to feed occupying armies and entire villages throughout mainland especially Crete were burned and slaughtered at the least suspicion of resistance.(estimated 2000 deaths daily from starvation. In 1944 Germans had finally left. Battle of Athens : first civil war with British forces (previous Greek allies) being ordered to fight against them by resistance army of Ella's.
Islamic era :
By 7th century, Eslam astonishingly spread throughout the world. Eastern Europe had been incorporated in the huge Moslem caliphate.
Macedonia then stretched from Albania far to mid Asia (Khanate of the Golden hordes-present Russia ). Cyprus , Crete , Rhodes and other Mediterranean islands were all parts of the united Arab world.
During Persian rule , after the collapse of the Ommayad caliphate, Byzantine emperor grasped the chance and started a series of attack against Moslem territories. He then promised Moslem khanates of Bulgaria peace. (Any Persian Moslem ruler used to be called Khan meaning ruler) ; but taking their army by surprise , he attacked and rooted it. The few survivors were blinded and left with a lucky one-eyed fellow to lead them away, terming it noble war as none of his army was hurt by this treason.
After crusaders raised their war in the middle ages, Alexis promised to force Catholicism on Greek lands if crusaders helped him in attacking Constantinople .
In 1204, the Venetians, Franks and Germans turned their armies on Byzantine and sacked and occupied Constantinople , massacred its inhabitants and ruled for 58 years; results of this fourth crusade was the looting and destruction of Byzantine. Crusaders then attacked Balkan, but their two invasions of Balkans ended in defeat at Nikopolis 1396 and at Varna 1444 as Ottomans moved for rescuing Moslem territories, and whole of eastern Europe was under Ottoman rule.
During Ottoman rule the sultan used Acropolis as his home residence and the Parthenon was a Mosque.
By 1687, Venetians, under the Dodge Francisco Morsini laid siege to Acropolis, and a shot fired by Swedish mercenary from the hill of Filapappiou rent the temple in two igniting fire in it for 2 days.
At the end of the eighteenth century came the western looters , Elgin levering away sculptures from the Parthenon, the French ambassador Fauvel gathering his share for the Louver. Byron a sympathetic luninary amidst all this unenlightened activity, visited Greece in 1810 in time to see the last of Elgin ’s ships loaded with marbles.
In 1834 Ottomans parted , while the archeologists stripped away all the Moslem embellishments from the Acropolis. An Orthodox modest city started to take shape. Turkish quarter of the lower town , current Plaka, was occupied and Orthodox laid seige to the Acropolis fortifications. Ottomans reoccupied it five years later but were forced from it due to various attacks and masacres.
After the Greek Turkish war, the remaining ethnic population were exchanged , over a million and a half refugees from Asia minor arrived Greece , half of them settled in Athens.Western Thrace was he last bastion of Greek Moslems, and it remained so after 1920-21 Asia minor war. The treaty of Lausanni 1923, confirmed the right of Moslems to remain, in return for Greek Orthodox presence in Istanbul . The prince’s island and Tenedos, Miros islands: Moslems there order the third of the population of Greek Thrace. During World War Two, loyalty of these Moslems was demonstrated as they resisted the invading Nazis side by side with Christians.
In return two occupying forces harassed and deported to death camps many local Moslems.
Pomaks: Moslem clan of Bulgarian dialect (north of Xanthi).
During 1946-49 civil war, Thracian Moslems suffered again at the hands of Ellas. Treatment of these Moslems today functions as a barometer of relationships between Greece and Turkey . Authorities still keep the Pomaks on tight rein and they require a transit permit to leave their area of residence.
Rhodes :
Eslam speed in Rhodes since the seventh century as it spread in Mediterranean islands by Arabian merchants
Gradually majority of its inhabitants became Moslems and it came under Arabian rule and had hundreds of Moslem mosques.
During middle ages , crusaders stormed Rhodes in 1304 and forcibly conquered it. But Ottomans finally regained it, and it remained Moslem till 1912 when Italy occupied it , then it was given to Greece in return for siding with the allies after world war two in 1948.
Crete : though it was united with Greece in 1913, many ancient Moslem mosques still survive with their Arabian Umayyad architecture.
Arabian immigration to crete started since the seventh c., they had their cultural center near Iraklion . Crete became Moslem under Arabian rule. But in 961, Nickoforis army bloodily stormed Crete that Arabian heads were used as ammunition for their arms. Around 200,000 Moslem Cretan were massacred and the same number imprisoned and Venetian dictatorship rule was imposed. But Ottomans regained Crete for Moslems and again Moslems became majority. Ottoman rule continued till twentieth century.1898 .
By 18th century Russian agents were set by emperor Catherine of Russia to ignite revolution in Greece . Then Russia attacked Turkey in 1770-1780; In the process hundreds of Moslem villages in black sea were attacked. Villages were given new names. In 1821, free fighters agents from different nationalities made revolution in Peloponnese and attacked and destroyed Moslem villages.
In Tripolita alone 12,000 Moslems were massacred.
——————————————–
Cyprus :
When the Assyrian Empire finally broke up at the end of 7th c B.C. Egypt under the scite Dynasty became the predominant power in the eastern Mediterranean .
In about 569 B.C. the Cypriot Kingdoms recognized the Pharaoh Ahmos II as their overlord.
In 525 B.C. the Cypriot kings transferred their alliance to the Achaemenid (Persian) conquerors of Egypt .
During Reign of Alexander he allowed Cypriot kingdoms to continue but took from them the right of coinage. After him Ptolemy I of Egypt made the island a province of his Egyptian kingdom. Cyprus was annexed by Roman Republic in 58 BC. , and made a Roman city , briefly retroced to Cleopatra VII of Egypt, but after the battle of Axium 31 BC became a Roman possession again ( administered as part of the imperial province of Syria) , but became separate senatorial province 22 BC.
After the demise of Roman Empire 395AD, Cyprus remained subject to the eastern empire at Constantinople .
In 688 Cyprus became Moslem under Caliph AbdelMalik .
n 965 AD. Emperor Neciphorus attached Cyprus for Byzantines. And in 1185 it was seized by Richard I who attacked it on a crusade and massacred its inhabitants. He then sold it to Guy of Lusignan, the disposed king of Jerusalem . In 1426 Egypt overran the island which from then on paid tribute to Cairo .
Then Venetians attacked it and it became Venetian possession for 82 years until regained by the Ottomans. In 1878 Britain occupied Cyprus . Convention between Britain and Ottomans left Cyprus under Turkish rule but administered by British government.
In 1914 Britain and Turkey were at war. Britain annexed Cyprus . After 1924 Cyprus was made crown colony. The British government offered the island to Greece 12 months later and encouraged Greek immigrants to the island but the offer was lapsed when Greece declined it.
During World war II, pack transport, pioneer, motor transport and other units were raised in Cyprus by voluntary investment .These men served in France , the middle east, Britain and Italy . After the war patriarch Makarias leader of the orthodox church emerged as the leader of movement for enosis (union) with Greece vol. 6 p.934.
The campaign grew more violent, attempts to smuggle arms from abroad and nationalists from metropolitan Greece raised their voices in encouragement of the malcontents. Many Moslem villages were attacked and its inhabitants retreated north.
Encyclopedia Britannica - Cyprus– p.899
And there’s that interesting story : Prophet Mohamed the blessed predicted Moslems arriving to Cyprus by boats . Bent Malhan the blessed woman asked him to pray that she be with those early travelers, He did. Few years later Arabian ships were arriving at Cyprus coast , on one of them was that blessed woman Oum Haram Bent Malhan , who died on the island and her tomb is still there, with the inscription ‘tomb of the good lady’.
———————————————————————–
Malta
Malta :
From 800 to 218 .c. Malta was inhabited by Phoenicia ’s north African’s colony Carthage . Malta became part of the Roman impire after defeat of Hannibal in 208 .C.
Arabs from north Africa arrived in the seventh century, they became majority but tolerated Christians. They introduced citrus fruits and had a notable impact on Maltese language and customs. In 1090 Normans started their attacks .
Moslems were expelled by the Norman king Rogers of Sicily.
In 1530 Malta was given to the knights of st. John of Jerusalem by Charles V emperor of Spain . Their rent was two Maltese falcon a year, one to be sent to the emperor and the other to the viceroy of Sicily . The twelve thousand inhabitants were given no say in the matter . The knights sank into corrupt and ostentatious ways largely supported by piracy.
In 1798 Napoleon arrived and the knights who were mostly French surrendered to him. Malta defeated France in 1800 with the assistance of the British and in 1810 Malta became a part of the British empire . In World War Two Malta was subjected to five months of day and night bombing raids.
In 1947 the devastated island was given a measure of self government.
———————————————————————-
Some historical facts :
Northern Africa became part of the Roman empire with its capital city Carthage .
When Eslam arrived, Okba Ibn Nafei entered north Africa with no resistance from Romans to be mentioned. He found Kairawan , capital of Tunisia 670 A.D. , and continued victoriously till the Atlantic ocean . There was no resistance from Tunisians or Algerians or Moroccans, yet it came from the Berbers first , but as they came to know Eslam they adopted it. In 970 Fatimides moved their capital from Kairawan in Tunisia to Cairo in Egypt . They left Kairawan under the rule of their allies : The Zaidi Sanhaga Berbers , who before were ruling in Ashir (mid Morrocco). Rule of Muravides, then Mohades from great Atlas , Hafezides in Tunisia , Merinides in Morocco , till the arrival of Ottomans
brothers Babaroda.
—————————————————————
Eslam at Italy :
Arab immigration to Europe started by the seventh century.
In 743, an epidemic attacked Arabian lands.At Constantinople, Caliph Elwalid was attacked by Constantine who in his attacks, massacred Arabians at Cyprus and Armenia 751, 752, then took khanate of Bulgaria by surprise after pretending to ally with them and massacred them in what he named the nobel war. But Arabs regained those territories later.
He then attacked Sicily, whose governor Elpidus fled to Africa where Arabs crowned him king of Romans and allying together they regained Sicily 782; regaining back Calabria till Apulia, Barry, Toronto, and allying with Roman governor Tiberius, victorious Arabs reached Ancona and Venice . They had their fortresses especially at Barry, and Venice where they controlled its trade ships.. Amani ibn Nusair allied with Radelshis who welcomed victorious arabs and together they won victory at Benserto. Hearing that Sincolf (Radelshi’s foe), tried to ally with Andalusian Arabs whose victories by that time reached France and Switzerland . p.384., Corsica, Sardinia, Arabs dwelled in Pergia, Aschia, Rome , Cap Messino , Naples , Gatia, Amalia, Sorrento , Capua . In 852 Louis II attacked Arabs and killed their leader Khalfon, who was succeeded by sultan Farag ibn Selim who reigned and built fortresses at Capero, Naples , San vencingo and other places. at Capero, Naples , San Vincengo, Coloure Valerno and Mont … Brindisi , Trajetto, Garigians , Rome , and other places , and tribute was paid for them.
In 910 John X tried to attack Arabs but was defeated & Mahdi Husein Ibn Ali was governor till 965 for Calabria Apulia and Genoa , paid visits to Sardinia and Corsica . and was able to defeat king Otto at Stella shore in Toronto . In the year 1000 the khalbite amirs were rulers in northern Italy .
Salerno was a cultural center and the first medical university in Europe .
——————————————————-
Sicily:
Moslems’ descendants from Africa began in 705.
During and after Moslem rule , large Arab immigration took place. There was gradual spread of Eslam in Sicily . After the Byzantine emperor Caustas II was assassinated during a rebellion at Syracuse in 668, Meziz was proclaimed emperor by Byzantine militia but fell from power 669. The rebellion was followed by other risings 718-781. In 827 Euphemires who had been proclaimed emperor on Sicily appeared for help to the Arabian Aghlabid amir of Africa , but the Ephameris was murdered by Sicilians 828. A Byzantine offensive was led by Basil I , but in 878 Arabs had victory at Syracuse and Taurmina. Arabs were governors by 878.
By 902 Arabs were practically masters of Sicily .
In 902 Aghlabids amirs of north Africa were ruling followed by the Fatimids ,and by mid 10th century ruling became hereditary during Khalides rule.
Arabian immigration increased and convert to Eslam was on large scale which made these states not only political part of Arabian rule world but socially and culturally too, and as in most Eslamic countries , Christians and Jews enjoyed tolerance and freedom of worship in return for paying tribute that was much less than the Roman levied before.
From 902 to 909 Sicily was under the Aghlabids then it passed to the Fatimides.
In 1060 Normans attacks began on Sicily . Internal strives among the Arabs served Roger I well in Sakalia ( Sicily ) . (Arab amir of Syracuse and Toluene with the amir of gerganti(Agreganti) and Costa Giovanni(Ena) .
In 1059 Normans began attacking Sicily after Italy , pope Necolaos II ordered Robert Gerscar to attack Apollonia, Galacia then Sicily after finishing the task with Italian Moslems. king Roger I grasped the chance of internal conflict between Arabs. He attacked Sicily 1060 and in his attack with Robert , stormed Palermo , then Nato 1091.
In 1130 Roger II announced himself king of Sicily and united it with Apulia dukedom and states of southern Italy .
By order of popes Arabian books were translated. Constantine the African was Roger’s secretary. He translated scientific and medical books from Arabic to Latin - Alfanos translated scientific books. Archbishop of Salerno - and Jewish Farag ben Selim wrote from Arabic in Salerno . Roger ordered Arabian geographers among which was Idrisi to translate Arabic books and Arabian maps. On Rogers ’s orders scientists translated books from Arabic to Latin .
Roger continued his attacks to north Africa , where he attacked Djerba in Tunis 1146 and Mahdeia 1166 , but Arabs raised and ended the occupation , while Sicily and Italian territories were never again Arabian .
Normans didn’t forget their fiefs in Africa and attacked several more times , but all failed. Arabian books and renovation works was the base for the renaissance.
Gradually Arabic faded and Normans substituted it with Latin.
————————————————-
Happened at Sicily :
In 535 A.D. Sicily and Dalmatia were united. by Justinian’s man Belzerik. Euphemize rebelled against Constantine as taxes were very highly raised by church. Sicily : Sicilian rulers used to send wheat to Egyptian rulers in Cairo . Gawhar Sakali (the Sicilian) , was the fatimid who conquered Egypt and caused friction in the Moslem world).
Sicily was for a while owned by king of Egypt and paid annual tribute for Fatimides, and it was its last ruler ben Baebae that allied with the Normans , (ruler of Catania a bateni= hidden agent), writings of ibn Tamima denotes he was allying with the Normans . His ships carrying Moslems to Africa were drowned by sea. When Moslems screamed for help from the Moez ben Badisto to save them from the Norman attacks , he sent them a fleet that was drowned at sea , as Helalin seized the city allowing Normans to enter , slaughter the youth and rob cities.
All mosques were ruined or closed and converted to churches.
Normans attacks finished by 1190.
Roger the norman king took the moslem titleالملك المعظم المعتز بالله المقتدر بقدرته وكانت علامته الحمد لله شكرا لأنعمه ,, and his ancestors used the mazala used by the Fatimid in north Africa.
Buni Umcin was the council’s name, this title was used also to name the Jewish council.
Galialm , Roger’s son spoke Arabic and surrounded himself with Moslem guards.
As ibn El Thamna says his mark wasالحمد لله حق حمده .
The diwan they used for land and slaves also existed at the fatimides diwan.
In 1160 Mayon, Galialm’s minister , disarmed Sicilian Moslems and forbade them any weapons; while Lombards grasped the chance to slaughter the armless citizens and plunder their towns.
Moslems at Palermo , as other towns , were slaughtered at homes, hotels, inns and shops .
It is said that among celebrities murdered were the poet Alkafs Yehia ibn Elnakash and the geographer El Idrisi.
———————————————————
Greece and Cyprus
Greece :
Up until the early decades of the 20th century many parts of Greece , Crete , Macedonia , and islands were in Moslem rule .The Balkan wars of 1912-13, and the exchange of Greek and Turkish population changed everything in a brutal manner . Also the civil war after WWII and the seven years of military dictatorship under the colonels junta 1967-73.
By 1827, Russia , France and Britain had finally agreed to seek autonomy for certain parts of Greece . Turkish-Egyptian fleet in Navarino was attacked and destroyed.
The following year Russia declared war on Turkey and the Sultan was forced to accept the existence of an autonomous country.
In 1830 its independence was confirmed by the western powers and borders were drawn. Orthodox Russians were encouraged to immigrate there. Great western powers imposed the first president for the republic, Capadestrio who was assassinated by 2 chieftains (Vendetta) 1831.
They then decided to create a monarchy and put in the thrown a Bavarian prince Otto son of Ludwig , who proved an autocratic ruler bringing in fellow Germans to fill in posts.
In 1862 he was forced from the country by a popular revolt and again Europeans introduced a new prince from Denmark George I.
Athens was the edge of territories for the new forged Greece , which was yet to include northern Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia or any of the islands beyond the Cyclades.
Capital and court were moved from Napflio to Athens in 1834.
In 1897 Athens failed to achieve enosis (union ) with Crete by attacking Moslems in the mainland in the process which virtually bankrupted the state.
The outset of 1821 revolution :villages at Patra, Corinth 's, Athens and virtually all other Moslem villages were put to the sword. Survivors of the various massacres fled north , to the territories that remained under Ottoman control. The expansion of the forged Greek nation thereafter resulted in the decline of the Moslem population.
New expansions or conquests of Thessaly : in 1878, Epirus , Macedonia , the north Eagan and Crete in 1913 provoked a wave of Moslem immigration to the other side of receding Ottoman frontier .
Moslems or Turks as it was a genuine term for any Moslem even Greek Moslems were subjected to various expulsion orders. The Moslems of Crete were forced to choose between apostasy to Christianity or exile. Those who opt to stand by their faith were summarily deported to the closest Ottoman border, either Koch or nearby village of Platani and Rhodes (still Moslem by then).
But even after the 1878, 1913 acquisitions of Thessaly , Epirus and Macedonia , Moslem villages continued to exist in these regions .
The Tsamidhes, an Albanian Moslem tribe localized in Epirus and Thespratia existed until 1940-41 , but after that were hunted dawn and expelled by national army and guerilla bands.
Thessalonici : when the city passed to new orthodox Greek control, the authorities allowed the pure Jews to stay but insisted on the departure of Moslems.
World war I , a new king Constantine was imposed - Eleftherias Venezelos reorganized alliance of Balkan powers to fight the two Balkan wars (1912-13) campaigns that saw Moslems virtually driven from Europe, on its completion, and the capitulation of Bulgaria .
Thrace was occupied. In 1920 monarchists factions took over.
WWI was also the end of Moslem populations in islands of Thasos, Somethraki and Samos (exodus to Smyrna ).
In 1936 King George II appointed general John Metaxas as prime minister.
By end of May 1941 German invading forces completed occupation of Crete and other islands- joint Italian-German occupation of Greece where nearly half a million civilians starved to death as food was requisitioned to feed occupying armies and entire villages throughout mainland especially Crete were burned and slaughtered at the least suspicion of resistance.(estimated 2000 deaths daily from starvation. In 1944 Germans had finally left. Battle of Athens : first civil war with British forces (previous Greek allies) being ordered to fight against them by resistance army of Ella's.
Islamic era :
By 7th century, Eslam astonishingly spread throughout the world. Eastern Europe had been incorporated in the huge Moslem caliphate.
Macedonia then stretched from Albania far to mid Asia (Khanate of the Golden hordes-present Russia ). Cyprus , Crete , Rhodes and other Mediterranean islands were all parts of the united Arab world.
During Persian rule , after the collapse of the Ommayad caliphate, Byzantine emperor grasped the chance and started a series of attack against Moslem territories. He then promised Moslem khanates of Bulgaria peace. (Any Persian Moslem ruler used to be called Khan meaning ruler) ; but taking their army by surprise , he attacked and rooted it. The few survivors were blinded and left with a lucky one-eyed fellow to lead them away, terming it noble war as none of his army was hurt by this treason.
After crusaders raised their war in the middle ages, Alexis promised to force Catholicism on Greek lands if crusaders helped him in attacking Constantinople .
In 1204, the Venetians, Franks and Germans turned their armies on Byzantine and sacked and occupied Constantinople , massacred its inhabitants and ruled for 58 years; results of this fourth crusade was the looting and destruction of Byzantine. Crusaders then attacked Balkan, but their two invasions of Balkans ended in defeat at Nikopolis 1396 and at Varna 1444 as Ottomans moved for rescuing Moslem territories, and whole of eastern Europe was under Ottoman rule.
During Ottoman rule the sultan used Acropolis as his home residence and the Parthenon was a Mosque.
By 1687, Venetians, under the Dodge Francisco Morsini laid siege to Acropolis, and a shot fired by Swedish mercenary from the hill of Filapappiou rent the temple in two igniting fire in it for 2 days.
At the end of the eighteenth century came the western looters , Elgin levering away sculptures from the Parthenon, the French ambassador Fauvel gathering his share for the Louver. Byron a sympathetic luninary amidst all this unenlightened activity, visited Greece in 1810 in time to see the last of Elgin ’s ships loaded with marbles.
In 1834 Ottomans parted , while the archeologists stripped away all the Moslem embellishments from the Acropolis. An Orthodox modest city started to take shape. Turkish quarter of the lower town , current Plaka, was occupied and Orthodox laid seige to the Acropolis fortifications. Ottomans reoccupied it five years later but were forced from it due to various attacks and masacres.
After the Greek Turkish war, the remaining ethnic population were exchanged , over a million and a half refugees from Asia minor arrived Greece , half of them settled in Athens.Western Thrace was he last bastion of Greek Moslems, and it remained so after 1920-21 Asia minor war. The treaty of Lausanni 1923, confirmed the right of Moslems to remain, in return for Greek Orthodox presence in Istanbul . The prince’s island and Tenedos, Miros islands: Moslems there order the third of the population of Greek Thrace. During World War Two, loyalty of these Moslems was demonstrated as they resisted the invading Nazis side by side with Christians.
In return two occupying forces harassed and deported to death camps many local Moslems.
Pomaks: Moslem clan of Bulgarian dialect (north of Xanthi).
During 1946-49 civil war, Thracian Moslems suffered again at the hands of Ellas. Treatment of these Moslems today functions as a barometer of relationships between Greece and Turkey . Authorities still keep the Pomaks on tight rein and they require a transit permit to leave their area of residence.
Rhodes :
Eslam speed in Rhodes since the seventh century as it spread in Mediterranean islands by Arabian merchants
Gradually majority of its inhabitants became Moslems and it came under Arabian rule and had hundreds of Moslem mosques.
During middle ages , crusaders stormed Rhodes in 1304 and forcibly conquered it. But Ottomans finally regained it, and it remained Moslem till 1912 when Italy occupied it , then it was given to Greece in return for siding with the allies after world war two in 1948.
Crete : though it was united with Greece in 1913, many ancient Moslem mosques still survive with their Arabian Umayyad architecture.
Arabian immigration to crete started since the seventh c., they had their cultural center near Iraklion . Crete became Moslem under Arabian rule. But in 961, Nickoforis army bloodily stormed Crete that Arabian heads were used as ammunition for their arms. Around 200,000 Moslem Cretan were massacred and the same number imprisoned and Venetian dictatorship rule was imposed. But Ottomans regained Crete for Moslems and again Moslems became majority. Ottoman rule continued till twentieth century.1898 .
By 18th century Russian agents were set by emperor Catherine of Russia to ignite revolution in Greece . Then Russia attacked Turkey in 1770-1780; In the process hundreds of Moslem villages in black sea were attacked. Villages were given new names. In 1821, free fighters agents from different nationalities made revolution in Peloponnese and attacked and destroyed Moslem villages.
In Tripolita alone 12,000 Moslems were massacred.
——————————————–
Cyprus :
When the Assyrian Empire finally broke up at the end of 7th c B.C. Egypt under the scite Dynasty became the predominant power in the eastern Mediterranean .
In about 569 B.C. the Cypriot Kingdoms recognized the Pharaoh Ahmos II as their overlord.
In 525 B.C. the Cypriot kings transferred their alliance to the Achaemenid (Persian) conquerors of Egypt .
During Reign of Alexander he allowed Cypriot kingdoms to continue but took from them the right of coinage. After him Ptolemy I of Egypt made the island a province of his Egyptian kingdom. Cyprus was annexed by Roman Republic in 58 BC. , and made a Roman city , briefly retroced to Cleopatra VII of Egypt, but after the battle of Axium 31 BC became a Roman possession again ( administered as part of the imperial province of Syria) , but became separate senatorial province 22 BC.
After the demise of Roman Empire 395AD, Cyprus remained subject to the eastern empire at Constantinople .
In 688 Cyprus became Moslem under Caliph AbdelMalik .
n 965 AD. Emperor Neciphorus attached Cyprus for Byzantines. And in 1185 it was seized by Richard I who attacked it on a crusade and massacred its inhabitants. He then sold it to Guy of Lusignan, the disposed king of Jerusalem . In 1426 Egypt overran the island which from then on paid tribute to Cairo .
Then Venetians attacked it and it became Venetian possession for 82 years until regained by the Ottomans. In 1878 Britain occupied Cyprus . Convention between Britain and Ottomans left Cyprus under Turkish rule but administered by British government.
In 1914 Britain and Turkey were at war. Britain annexed Cyprus . After 1924 Cyprus was made crown colony. The British government offered the island to Greece 12 months later and encouraged Greek immigrants to the island but the offer was lapsed when Greece declined it.
During World war II, pack transport, pioneer, motor transport and other units were raised in Cyprus by voluntary investment .These men served in France , the middle east, Britain and Italy . After the war patriarch Makarias leader of the orthodox church emerged as the leader of movement for enosis (union) with Greece vol. 6 p.934.
The campaign grew more violent, attempts to smuggle arms from abroad and nationalists from metropolitan Greece raised their voices in encouragement of the malcontents. Many Moslem villages were attacked and its inhabitants retreated north.
Encyclopedia Britannica - Cyprus– p.899
And there’s that interesting story : Prophet Mohamed the blessed predicted Moslems arriving to Cyprus by boats . Bent Malhan the blessed woman asked him to pray that she be with those early travelers, He did. Few years later Arabian ships were arriving at Cyprus coast , on one of them was that blessed woman Oum Haram Bent Malhan , who died on the island and her tomb is still there, with the inscription ‘tomb of the good lady’.
———————————————————————–
Malta
Malta :
From 800 to 218 .c. Malta was inhabited by Phoenicia ’s north African’s colony Carthage . Malta became part of the Roman impire after defeat of Hannibal in 208 .C.
Arabs from north Africa arrived in the seventh century, they became majority but tolerated Christians. They introduced citrus fruits and had a notable impact on Maltese language and customs. In 1090 Normans started their attacks .
Moslems were expelled by the Norman king Rogers of Sicily.
In 1530 Malta was given to the knights of st. John of Jerusalem by Charles V emperor of Spain . Their rent was two Maltese falcon a year, one to be sent to the emperor and the other to the viceroy of Sicily . The twelve thousand inhabitants were given no say in the matter . The knights sank into corrupt and ostentatious ways largely supported by piracy.
In 1798 Napoleon arrived and the knights who were mostly French surrendered to him. Malta defeated France in 1800 with the assistance of the British and in 1810 Malta became a part of the British empire . In World War Two Malta was subjected to five months of day and night bombing raids.
In 1947 the devastated island was given a measure of self government.
———————————————————————-
Some historical facts :
Shattering the myth - Islam beyond violence - Bruce L. Lawrence . Extract from book :
”The Moslem Discovery of Europe by Bernard Louis ” : ” turning the traditional point of western scholarship on its head. The theme of this book is another parallel discovery in which the Europeans are not the explorers discovering far people in slang and remote places, but is in himself bar discovered from the land of Islam “. preface p.11
”The Moslem Discovery of Europe by Bernard Louis ” : ” turning the traditional point of western scholarship on its head. The theme of this book is another parallel discovery in which the Europeans are not the explorers discovering far people in slang and remote places, but is in himself bar discovered from the land of Islam “. preface p.11
After the fall of the western Roman empire science disappeared with it, but in eastern Roman empire was valuable Greek scientific literature . p.119.
Islamic Science :
Scholars and intellects flourished from the eighth to the eleventh century (the golden age of Arabic science ) among which were Avicenna, El Ghagabri, Ebn Khaldun.
A number of physicians and alchemists started laboratory work and introduced a number of important substances into chemistry, Jabir Ebn Hayan introduced the caustic into Alkolics (ex. sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride ).
The progress due to Islamic mathematicians and astronomers probably lay mostly in the perfection of capitulation devices ; spherical geometry was developed far beyond the level antiquities reached . Abulwafa and Kusheir Ebn Laban El Kasaby had new discoveries and independent achievements.
Since Eslam is a universal religion, most of the outstanding scholars and famous writers were not of Arabic desent (El Farabi was a Turk, Razes and Avicenna were Persians , Hunain Ebn Ishaq called Juhannites by the scholars was not an Arab).
Alchemy: is a term used to describe very diverse kind of literature, from Egypt , From Byzantine, from China ; however Arabic speaking chemists derived many recipes and methods for industrial processes, and their experiments demanding special apparatus.
The greatest Arabic writing Alchemist Razes who completed his work by 900, makes the earliest known suggestion for furnishing chemical laboratory.
Industrial technology and alchemical apparatus of Arabic origin had an important role in the rise of modern chemistry.
Mathematics: Moslem Persian Ibn Musa El Khawarizmi c. 825 from whose name the medieval word for arithmetic, algorism was formed.
In Astronomy: their authors thought to replace the Ptolemy's by a strictly concentric system.
In Medicine :It is impossible not to mention Avicenna 979- 1037 whose work was for centuries standard in Latin.
The great Arabic contribution to medicine is in the introduction of new drugs, many of which are still in use.
In 11th c. the west began to come into relation with the wisdom of the east through Latin translations of Arabic works. It is remarkable that the accumulation of knowledge derived from the Arabic , involved rapid development in the whole mental life of Europe . Encyclopedia Britannica.
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
In Encyclopedias and compiling :
The first general historian of genius was El Tabari. He wrote el Annals.
Ebn Meskaway wrote Tagarib el Omam 1030 (History of kings of ancient Persia and Arabs). Ebn El Athir continued Tabari’s work (El Kamil) which contains important information of western eslamic world.
The no. of histories and biographical compilations is enormous in the later years.
The history of El Ghaznani (Ketab el Yamani), by El Otbi 1036 set the fashion for the rhetorical style in history writing followed by Imadeldin and Arabshah. 1450.
Ibn Usayiah 1270 wrote a history of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries remarkable for the appearance of Arabic encyclopedic compendiums as handbooks for the official classes. The first encyclopedia was that of El Nawari 1332. Outstanding scholars flourished : Avenpace 1138 was one of the outstanding physicians. One must read the masterpieces of scientific analysis : Al Bironi 1030 - Ibn Khaldun , in order to understand the depth of Eslamic culture which westerns rightly regarded with the greatest of admiration.
After conquering Spain and Italy , there was much curiosity among Franks regarding the science of the Arabs. Schools rose in Spain and Sicily for translating the Arab manuscripts. The scholar's works were translated into Latin. The translations of these texts formed the foundations on which the science of the renaissance was built.
—————————————–
Borrowed from a vanishing past :
Early Moslem scientists :
some examples.
Arabian Ebn Tofeil: born 1100c. in Kadesh - Andalusia - author of “Hai ebn Yakthan”, that Robinson Cruise relied on.
- AbdElRahman Ebn Badr (minister of Caliph El Nasser), inventor of printing machine , 500 years earlier than Gotensberg.
- Abolwafa El Bozgani : (Khorasan - Afghanistan -940 c.), founder of the science of geometry , his studies that westerns relied on for centuries. - Al Khazen : from Marw ( Afghanistan ), pioneer in mechanics , physics and Astrology. First to measure air pressure.
- El Hasan Ebn El Haitham: first to plan water reservation. Francis Bacon relied on Arabian translations and was affected specially by Hassan’s scientific theories and methods.
some examples.
Arabian Ebn Tofeil: born 1100c. in Kadesh - Andalusia - author of “Hai ebn Yakthan”, that Robinson Cruise relied on.
- AbdElRahman Ebn Badr (minister of Caliph El Nasser), inventor of printing machine , 500 years earlier than Gotensberg.
- Abolwafa El Bozgani : (Khorasan - Afghanistan -940 c.), founder of the science of geometry , his studies that westerns relied on for centuries. - Al Khazen : from Marw ( Afghanistan ), pioneer in mechanics , physics and Astrology. First to measure air pressure.
- El Hasan Ebn El Haitham: first to plan water reservation. Francis Bacon relied on Arabian translations and was affected specially by Hassan’s scientific theories and methods.
Blank in history :
Notice : Eslamic golden era (usually from 7th to 11thc.) is put blank or unknown or not enough resources; though it was known that Moslems were pioneers at encyclopedias and accurate documentations (not only so , but somehow later unfairly propagated against).
Examples :
Concerning Constantinople :
“It’s a petty that we do not know more about the 7th & 8th c. save say that an adequate history of the disturbed period can’t be written, so poor are the resources and so skimmy the present state of archeology.”
History of Europe by J.M. Roberts. The penguin ,
But he mentions there was a huge fortress as far away as Euphrates (in Iraq ). p.105.
coming to South Africa :
“several routes from the Mediterranean appear to have been followed across the desert from very remote times to Abyssinia, clear records of these movements is lacking before the 11th c. , or a little earlier.”
Enc. Br. p330
Same when it comes to Rome, Bulgaria, and many European states specially during 7th and 8th c. , very skimmy resources, very unclear!
And Asia let me add those extracts :
As to Philippines :
Malaya : p.709 : Projects into the China sea and forms the most southerly portion of the continent of Asia .
All the early history of Malaya is obscure (! As usual).
Malacca : the first Malay kingdom was a dependency of Thailand . Malay dynasty were Moslems. Only about 1450 to 1490 can chronicles start . The Thai rulers continued to demand the overland route. If the Malayo were Moslems , they readily the rest of Malacca of Hindu , Chinese and other trades !
Malacca : assumed the commercial role of modern Singapore .The Portuguese arrived in 1498 by Cape route. In 1511, they stormed the city. The Portuguese exploited to the full the commercial possibilities of Malacca, but never succeeded in destroying the native Moslem monarchy. Malacca was repeatedly but unsuccessfully attacked till it fell to Dutch 1641. p.712
Philippines : Were discovered in 1512 and formally occupied 1565 during reign of Philip II after whom they were named . Good intentions of Spanish kings rarely did much more than pave the colonial hell. P.123Enc. Brit - Vol. 15 - Spain .
Same end
—————————————————————-
Armada :
Spanish fleet inherited from Arabs. Moslems fleet was the world’s strongest from 7th to 12th century ; they had rudders that Europeans knew hundreds of years later. Vertical rudders at the stern - a method introduced from the east to Europe after c.1200 p.70.
The word Admiral for the highest naval rank comes from the Arabic “Amir”. p.71.
(From the Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1683) sent her man sir Francis Walsingham 1539-1590, to inspect about the Spanish fleet. In 1588 Francis Drake attacked and destroyed great part of Spanish shipping at Cadiz ( Spain ).
The Armada assembled at Lisbon to revenge and attack England by orders of Philip of Spain but the end was disastrous ; many Spanish ships were wrecked , and at Ireland their crews were massacred, only few of these could return , in these death and sickness were appalling .
Thus by the destruction of the Armada fleet, the British fleet became the strongest.
—————————————————-
- Moslem Arabs First To America :
We hear about two journeys by 8th A.D. century to new lands, one from Samarkand eastern Asia, and the other from Senegal (a strong Arabian center at that time), and nearest spot to America. Later when Christopher starts his journey from there and reaches Cuba (called by Arabs Bahia), he renamed it Bahia new Christopher Columbus. ————————————————
Notice : Eslamic golden era (usually from 7th to 11thc.) is put blank or unknown or not enough resources; though it was known that Moslems were pioneers at encyclopedias and accurate documentations (not only so , but somehow later unfairly propagated against).
Examples :
Concerning Constantinople :
“It’s a petty that we do not know more about the 7th & 8th c. save say that an adequate history of the disturbed period can’t be written, so poor are the resources and so skimmy the present state of archeology.”
History of Europe by J.M. Roberts. The penguin ,
But he mentions there was a huge fortress as far away as Euphrates (in Iraq ). p.105.
coming to South Africa :
“several routes from the Mediterranean appear to have been followed across the desert from very remote times to Abyssinia, clear records of these movements is lacking before the 11th c. , or a little earlier.”
Enc. Br. p330
Same when it comes to Rome, Bulgaria, and many European states specially during 7th and 8th c. , very skimmy resources, very unclear!
And Asia let me add those extracts :
As to Philippines :
Malaya : p.709 : Projects into the China sea and forms the most southerly portion of the continent of Asia .
All the early history of Malaya is obscure (! As usual).
Malacca : the first Malay kingdom was a dependency of Thailand . Malay dynasty were Moslems. Only about 1450 to 1490 can chronicles start . The Thai rulers continued to demand the overland route. If the Malayo were Moslems , they readily the rest of Malacca of Hindu , Chinese and other trades !
Malacca : assumed the commercial role of modern Singapore .The Portuguese arrived in 1498 by Cape route. In 1511, they stormed the city. The Portuguese exploited to the full the commercial possibilities of Malacca, but never succeeded in destroying the native Moslem monarchy. Malacca was repeatedly but unsuccessfully attacked till it fell to Dutch 1641. p.712
Philippines : Were discovered in 1512 and formally occupied 1565 during reign of Philip II after whom they were named . Good intentions of Spanish kings rarely did much more than pave the colonial hell. P.123Enc. Brit - Vol. 15 - Spain .
Same end
—————————————————————-
Armada :
Spanish fleet inherited from Arabs. Moslems fleet was the world’s strongest from 7th to 12th century ; they had rudders that Europeans knew hundreds of years later. Vertical rudders at the stern - a method introduced from the east to Europe after c.1200 p.70.
The word Admiral for the highest naval rank comes from the Arabic “Amir”. p.71.
(From the Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1683) sent her man sir Francis Walsingham 1539-1590, to inspect about the Spanish fleet. In 1588 Francis Drake attacked and destroyed great part of Spanish shipping at Cadiz ( Spain ).
The Armada assembled at Lisbon to revenge and attack England by orders of Philip of Spain but the end was disastrous ; many Spanish ships were wrecked , and at Ireland their crews were massacred, only few of these could return , in these death and sickness were appalling .
Thus by the destruction of the Armada fleet, the British fleet became the strongest.
—————————————————-
- Moslem Arabs First To America :
We hear about two journeys by 8th A.D. century to new lands, one from Samarkand eastern Asia, and the other from Senegal (a strong Arabian center at that time), and nearest spot to America. Later when Christopher starts his journey from there and reaches Cuba (called by Arabs Bahia), he renamed it Bahia new Christopher Columbus. ————————————————
To put it by historical facts :
Historical facts - O.Neil .
” Amazing as it may seem to us , hardly any people in Charlemagne’s entire realm were literate . So thoroughly had the rudiments of learning been forgotten since the decay of Western Roman city life (4th century).. Even as late as 1050, Europe had not changed very much from the way it had been since the end of Carolingian family. ”
Only by the middle ages enlightenment began.
King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of Arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the Alphonsian tables ) 1270. Carolingian Family : of Frankish aristocrats , the dynasty that they established to rule Western Europe after deposing the Merovingian king Cheldric by Pepin in c. 750.
Franks: members of a Germanic speaking people who invaded the Roman western empire in the 5th c. A.D. , dominating France , Belgium and western Germany .
Francs emerged into recorded history from the 3rd c. A.D. as a Germanic tribe living in the east bank of lower Rhine river. They were politically independent tribes.
Charlemagne’s empire disintegrated by mid 9th c. p936.
(The New English Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 4 - 15th edition.)
We said Charles Martel wasn’t Roman. Neither was his grandson Charlemagne. They were German Carolingian. Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odocer the Goth in c. 476 .
By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Otto: who revived Charlemagne’s empire in the 10th c., and his successors continued to call themselves emperors. (Western civilizations – vol. I – Burns).
Neither was Charles V son of Joanna the mad and Philip I Roman nor Spanish and others who invaded Spain . For the Visigoths had already adopted Eslam with other Iberians. Charles V was from Habsburg ( Austria ); he arrived Spain 1517 unable to speak Spanish. ( Encycl. Br. - Spain – vol 15. p.123. )
Castile : Originally populated by Iberians and later Ibero Celtic peoples . Castile was for a time ruled by Rome , and later by the Moors. For a time governed by conts under the supremacy of Asturious and Leon, later annexed by Sancho of Navarre 1026-1035 who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand in 1033.
Castile and Leon were finally united under Ferdinand III in 1230 when he conquered large part of southern Spain . Later Castile was made a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Aragon was erected into a kingdom and given to his fourth son Ramiro who joined Sobrarta and Rebagorza into his new kingdom of Aragon 1037. From Encyclopedia Britannica . p .57.
Asturia : Asturian capital was moved from Langas de Ores to Ovieda, later pushed forward from the mountains to the central plains. Garcia I (909-914) moved the capital from the mountains to the Asturian mountains to the city of Leon . p.117.
Navarre : Sancho I Garces (905-926) added the small county of Aragon to his dominion but suffered severely at the hands of Abd -ar Rahman II - a period of subordination to the Caliphate followed. Sancho III (1000-35) assumed the imperial title in Leon , but his empire was built on a simple desire for personal aggrandizement . He regarded his empire as his personal property and distributed it among his sons. Garcia Sanchez III inherited Navarre . 1025-54. Castile was made into a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the third , while Aragon was also erected into a kingdom for his fourth son Ramiro 1035-65. p117 .
Leon : was Moslem from 717. In the beginning of the 10thc. it became the capital of the kingdom of Leon .
Castile : capture of Toledo in 1083 saw the formation of new Castile. p.989.Portugal : became an independent kingdom in 1139.
From The Middle Ages : -Richard O’Neill.
After usurping Spain and Portugal from Moslems:
Catholic Monarchs: persuaded popes to authorize the Spanish inquisition (The Holy Office); its main target were Marrows (convert Jews) and Moriscs (converted Moslems). Those who confessed to heresy, usually under torture were often burned alive in mass ceremonies called autes-da-fe (acts of faith); executed or not , their wealth was forfeit to the state . In 1492 all Celt Jews were ordered to convert or leave Spain .
Spanish inquisitions were only abolished in 1834. p.92. Normans ’ attacks were with the popes’ permission and they consequently consulted the pope and later established the holy office in Castile . Catholic courts committed torturing crimes against non-Catholics including the burning alive for the slightest doubt of refusing catholic baptism. Numerous orders from the popes were issued , ( Cluniac orders and Cistercian orders , etc…).
Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97
Capture of Valencia from Moors: ElCid had its governor burned alive and massacred many citizens. He governed in Alfonso’s name. But Valencia was retaken by Arabs after his death. p.48.
The inquisition : began in 1478 under the control of the monarchy , directed from castile to crush what remained of Moslem religions - often bloodily. By 1492 it had far more exceeded its original purpose of ensuring that Moors (Moslems) and Jews were expelled from the country.
In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos (descendants of Christianized Moors) as well. As a result when Charles II took the throne 1665, he inherited a country that had been stripped of nearly all of its trades people and artisans . Agriculture declined . Art and literature degenerated. p.58.
Historical facts
Facts :
Rome :
Since Constantine moved the Roman’s empire’s capital to the east ( Constantinople ), there was nearly no mention of the western empire ever since, and ‘ no emperor of this western part had existed since . Only in 711 the first mention for the duchy of Rome , and we find the people struggling to elect a duke of their own. p.476 - (The Cambridge Medieval history - Vol. IV - part one - Byzantine Impire ).
Historical facts:
Constantinople:
The new Rome : when the emperor reigned there, prevailed over the old which was particularly abandoned to barbarians. Abandoned Rome by distant emperors was placed under the protectorate of the Franks (754A.D.) , Charles Martel began to develop alliance with the church. During late 9th and 10th century, the decadence of the papal court led to the virtual take over of the papacy by the German emperors p.122 . (The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 9 1st ed. ). Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14 .Romans and Eslam :
In 330 A.D. emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople (later Istanbul ). Western Roman capital nearly faded to exist. His empire included Anatolian lands , parts of Iraq , middle east, Egypt , Tunisia , eastern Europe and southern Italy . With the arrival of Eslam , several Roman dynasties adopted Eslam . From these dynasties were the Seljuk Romans; they were Romans from Anatolia, southern Constantinople and were named after their chieftain Seljuk. Many of the Seljuk Romans immigrated to Moslem Caliphate lands and gradually were powerful enough to find their Seljuk Roman dynasty by the tenth century. Several dynasties existed before them , but the Seljuk Romans ruled most of the Roman cities and their state was enlarged to include Persia east , and eastern Europe to the west.
Their successive victories caused Frank’s fear and were the real reason for their crusades campaigns. But Seljuk Romans triumphed again at Menzekrt battle at Constantinople 1097 A.D. Seljuk Romans considered themselves heirs of Roman emperors and took titles emperors of Romans , Persians and Arabs. Again Franks attacked Moslems by their first sudden crusade in 1098 which caused horrible massacres and genocide of Moslems and Jews in Jerusalem . They then enforced Catholicism on the Moslem states they attacked; but the following crusades were all shameful failures; the last was their Balkan attack at Necropolis , that caused the destruction of their army and the victory of Orhans or Ottomans (Seljuk Romans’ successors).
Orhans or Ottomans considered themselves heirs of the Seljuk Romans, they were as them from Anatolia , adopted Eslam and were called after their chieftain Ottoman son of Orhan. Their rule lasted from 1300 - 1924 A.D. Their capital was Constantinople (Astana or Istanbul ).They inherited from the Romans , the Roman bath or pool (Turkish bath) , and were pioneers in architecture which is considered the base for many present European buildings. This dynasty became for centuries the greatest world power and the strongest fleet in the Mediterranean for more than 500 years. By the mid 18th century westerns and Russians allied to attack Ottomans by land and by sea conspiring with the minority ethnic groups in the Ottoman states. They attacked Ottoman’s fleet at Navarino (Napflio = Greece ’s capital then).Hundreds of Moslem states were attacked and its inhabitants ethnic cleansed or forced to flee to the nearest still Ottoman states. Names of cities were later changes as Odessa , Georgia , etc.
Extracts from the Encyclopedia Britannica and other resources :
Pope:
An ecclesiastical title formerly given , especially from 3rd to 5th century to any bishops and sometimes to simple priests. Title was used in the east for the Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria and for Orthodox priests , but since about the ninth century , has been reserved in the west exclusively for the bishop of Rome .
And some background :
Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 . By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18.
————————————————————————-
Some additions:
There are stories of bishop Stephen 11 who crossed stormy mountains to Frankish territories (751) where he remained in France and returned with Pepin’s army to sack Italy from the Lombard king. The properties of the church as well as the imperial domains were at this times confiscated by the Lombards as well as Ravenna and other districts of central Italy . (Stephen II was 1st founder of the papal temporalities, he got territorial concessions from Charlemagne which gave the papal state its final outcomes ) p.179.
There were correspondence between him and Charlemagne for the reform of the Galician church. But there’s a Roman faction in 799 accusing Leo111 of adultery and perjury vol.5 p.258. Popes regust after the return to Rome following the western schism. Also there’s no evidence of papal office existing in Rome from 4th till 7th century.
Drak ages : during the 500 years between A.D. 300 and 800 till the establishment of the church empire of Charlemagne (The Macmillan Encyclopedia of of Art).
” Amazing as it may seem to us , hardly any people in Charlemagne’s entire realm were literate . So thoroughly had the rudiments of learning been forgotten since the decay of Western Roman city life (4th century).. Even as late as 1050, Europe had not changed very much from the way it had been since the end of Carolingian family. ”
Only by the middle ages enlightenment began.
King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of Arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the Alphonsian tables ) 1270. Carolingian Family : of Frankish aristocrats , the dynasty that they established to rule Western Europe after deposing the Merovingian king Cheldric by Pepin in c. 750.
Franks: members of a Germanic speaking people who invaded the Roman western empire in the 5th c. A.D. , dominating France , Belgium and western Germany .
Francs emerged into recorded history from the 3rd c. A.D. as a Germanic tribe living in the east bank of lower Rhine river. They were politically independent tribes.
Charlemagne’s empire disintegrated by mid 9th c. p936.
(The New English Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 4 - 15th edition.)
We said Charles Martel wasn’t Roman. Neither was his grandson Charlemagne. They were German Carolingian. Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odocer the Goth in c. 476 .
By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Otto: who revived Charlemagne’s empire in the 10th c., and his successors continued to call themselves emperors. (Western civilizations – vol. I – Burns).
Neither was Charles V son of Joanna the mad and Philip I Roman nor Spanish and others who invaded Spain . For the Visigoths had already adopted Eslam with other Iberians. Charles V was from Habsburg ( Austria ); he arrived Spain 1517 unable to speak Spanish. ( Encycl. Br. - Spain – vol 15. p.123. )
Castile : Originally populated by Iberians and later Ibero Celtic peoples . Castile was for a time ruled by Rome , and later by the Moors. For a time governed by conts under the supremacy of Asturious and Leon, later annexed by Sancho of Navarre 1026-1035 who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand in 1033.
Castile and Leon were finally united under Ferdinand III in 1230 when he conquered large part of southern Spain . Later Castile was made a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Aragon was erected into a kingdom and given to his fourth son Ramiro who joined Sobrarta and Rebagorza into his new kingdom of Aragon 1037. From Encyclopedia Britannica . p .57.
Asturia : Asturian capital was moved from Langas de Ores to Ovieda, later pushed forward from the mountains to the central plains. Garcia I (909-914) moved the capital from the mountains to the Asturian mountains to the city of Leon . p.117.
Navarre : Sancho I Garces (905-926) added the small county of Aragon to his dominion but suffered severely at the hands of Abd -ar Rahman II - a period of subordination to the Caliphate followed. Sancho III (1000-35) assumed the imperial title in Leon , but his empire was built on a simple desire for personal aggrandizement . He regarded his empire as his personal property and distributed it among his sons. Garcia Sanchez III inherited Navarre . 1025-54. Castile was made into a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the third , while Aragon was also erected into a kingdom for his fourth son Ramiro 1035-65. p117 .
Leon : was Moslem from 717. In the beginning of the 10thc. it became the capital of the kingdom of Leon .
Castile : capture of Toledo in 1083 saw the formation of new Castile. p.989.Portugal : became an independent kingdom in 1139.
From The Middle Ages : -Richard O’Neill.
After usurping Spain and Portugal from Moslems:
Catholic Monarchs: persuaded popes to authorize the Spanish inquisition (The Holy Office); its main target were Marrows (convert Jews) and Moriscs (converted Moslems). Those who confessed to heresy, usually under torture were often burned alive in mass ceremonies called autes-da-fe (acts of faith); executed or not , their wealth was forfeit to the state . In 1492 all Celt Jews were ordered to convert or leave Spain .
Spanish inquisitions were only abolished in 1834. p.92. Normans ’ attacks were with the popes’ permission and they consequently consulted the pope and later established the holy office in Castile . Catholic courts committed torturing crimes against non-Catholics including the burning alive for the slightest doubt of refusing catholic baptism. Numerous orders from the popes were issued , ( Cluniac orders and Cistercian orders , etc…).
Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97
Capture of Valencia from Moors: ElCid had its governor burned alive and massacred many citizens. He governed in Alfonso’s name. But Valencia was retaken by Arabs after his death. p.48.
The inquisition : began in 1478 under the control of the monarchy , directed from castile to crush what remained of Moslem religions - often bloodily. By 1492 it had far more exceeded its original purpose of ensuring that Moors (Moslems) and Jews were expelled from the country.
In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos (descendants of Christianized Moors) as well. As a result when Charles II took the throne 1665, he inherited a country that had been stripped of nearly all of its trades people and artisans . Agriculture declined . Art and literature degenerated. p.58.
Historical facts
Facts :
Rome :
Since Constantine moved the Roman’s empire’s capital to the east ( Constantinople ), there was nearly no mention of the western empire ever since, and ‘ no emperor of this western part had existed since . Only in 711 the first mention for the duchy of Rome , and we find the people struggling to elect a duke of their own. p.476 - (The Cambridge Medieval history - Vol. IV - part one - Byzantine Impire ).
Historical facts:
Constantinople:
The new Rome : when the emperor reigned there, prevailed over the old which was particularly abandoned to barbarians. Abandoned Rome by distant emperors was placed under the protectorate of the Franks (754A.D.) , Charles Martel began to develop alliance with the church. During late 9th and 10th century, the decadence of the papal court led to the virtual take over of the papacy by the German emperors p.122 . (The New Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 9 1st ed. ). Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14 .Romans and Eslam :
In 330 A.D. emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople (later Istanbul ). Western Roman capital nearly faded to exist. His empire included Anatolian lands , parts of Iraq , middle east, Egypt , Tunisia , eastern Europe and southern Italy . With the arrival of Eslam , several Roman dynasties adopted Eslam . From these dynasties were the Seljuk Romans; they were Romans from Anatolia, southern Constantinople and were named after their chieftain Seljuk. Many of the Seljuk Romans immigrated to Moslem Caliphate lands and gradually were powerful enough to find their Seljuk Roman dynasty by the tenth century. Several dynasties existed before them , but the Seljuk Romans ruled most of the Roman cities and their state was enlarged to include Persia east , and eastern Europe to the west.
Their successive victories caused Frank’s fear and were the real reason for their crusades campaigns. But Seljuk Romans triumphed again at Menzekrt battle at Constantinople 1097 A.D. Seljuk Romans considered themselves heirs of Roman emperors and took titles emperors of Romans , Persians and Arabs. Again Franks attacked Moslems by their first sudden crusade in 1098 which caused horrible massacres and genocide of Moslems and Jews in Jerusalem . They then enforced Catholicism on the Moslem states they attacked; but the following crusades were all shameful failures; the last was their Balkan attack at Necropolis , that caused the destruction of their army and the victory of Orhans or Ottomans (Seljuk Romans’ successors).
Orhans or Ottomans considered themselves heirs of the Seljuk Romans, they were as them from Anatolia , adopted Eslam and were called after their chieftain Ottoman son of Orhan. Their rule lasted from 1300 - 1924 A.D. Their capital was Constantinople (Astana or Istanbul ).They inherited from the Romans , the Roman bath or pool (Turkish bath) , and were pioneers in architecture which is considered the base for many present European buildings. This dynasty became for centuries the greatest world power and the strongest fleet in the Mediterranean for more than 500 years. By the mid 18th century westerns and Russians allied to attack Ottomans by land and by sea conspiring with the minority ethnic groups in the Ottoman states. They attacked Ottoman’s fleet at Navarino (Napflio = Greece ’s capital then).Hundreds of Moslem states were attacked and its inhabitants ethnic cleansed or forced to flee to the nearest still Ottoman states. Names of cities were later changes as Odessa , Georgia , etc.
Extracts from the Encyclopedia Britannica and other resources :
Pope:
An ecclesiastical title formerly given , especially from 3rd to 5th century to any bishops and sometimes to simple priests. Title was used in the east for the Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria and for Orthodox priests , but since about the ninth century , has been reserved in the west exclusively for the bishop of Rome .
And some background :
Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 . By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18.
————————————————————————-
Some additions:
There are stories of bishop Stephen 11 who crossed stormy mountains to Frankish territories (751) where he remained in France and returned with Pepin’s army to sack Italy from the Lombard king. The properties of the church as well as the imperial domains were at this times confiscated by the Lombards as well as Ravenna and other districts of central Italy . (Stephen II was 1st founder of the papal temporalities, he got territorial concessions from Charlemagne which gave the papal state its final outcomes ) p.179.
There were correspondence between him and Charlemagne for the reform of the Galician church. But there’s a Roman faction in 799 accusing Leo111 of adultery and perjury vol.5 p.258. Popes regust after the return to Rome following the western schism. Also there’s no evidence of papal office existing in Rome from 4th till 7th century.
Drak ages : during the 500 years between A.D. 300 and 800 till the establishment of the church empire of Charlemagne (The Macmillan Encyclopedia of of Art).
The Holy Roman Empire isn’t Roman !
It was that a clerk who saw the benefit of help from the namely popes so as to exhort the temporary generation through their names.
This design was realized in the celebrated forgery known as the “False Decretals”, Encyclopedia Britannica p.196.
In 962 German king Otto crowned himself
Throughout its history the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by German or Austrian emperors . Only one Englishman has ever been pope Nicolas Breakspeare. - ruled from 1274 onwards by the predominantly Austrian Hapsburg line. p.47 (Historical facts -The Middle Ages).
Decretales :
Epistolae decretals in Roman law, a decree (decretum), was the decision of the emperor. Decretales: a name given in canon law to those letters of emperors which formulate the decisions in ecclesiastical law.
The false decretales : scandals of false decretals were uncovered only during the 15th century = collecting of forged letters dating to the 9th century, the authentic elements were calculated to serve as passport for the forgeries which were skillfully composed. They gave a powerful impulse in the Frankish territories to the movement of centralization
Papal inquisitions:
orders of the burning alive of non-Catholics or those accused of heresy.p.97(Historical facts Richard O’Neil).
Crusades:
The name given to the series of wars undertaken by the Christians of Western Europe from 1096 to 1291. The results of crusades may be rewritten dawn as failure . Everywhere in the 15th century in Europe and in Asia , the crescent was victorious over the cross; and crusade and mission perished together. But a crusade won for crusaders the coast of the eastern Baltic (Teutonic Order), and the centuries of the Spanish crusades ended in the conquest of the whole Spain . P . 793. In the first place crusades were attempts at feudal colonization and as such they resulted in a number of colonies-kingdom of Jerusalem - Kingdom of Cyprus – the Latin empire of Constantinople . P.793.
There were orders from the popes for the successive ethnic cleansing , including cluniac orders and Cistercian orders.-
The papacy had grown as a result of the crusades. Popes had preached them, popes had financed them, popes had sent their legates to lead them. P.794 Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14 . Popes continued to preach crusades against the Moslems but with ever diminishing effect. Nevertheless several expeditions were started one of which cruelly sacked Alexandria in Egypt in 1365 and others that were directed against Ottomans e.g. the attack of 1344 on Smyrna and the two invasions of the Balkan which ended in defeat in Nicoploi 1396 and of Varna 1444.
—————————————————————–
Then, the illusion that Eslam spread forcibely as in Christianity is crime against truth; and why is Gibraltar named so (after Tarek’s name) , because he was as bold as that mountain, else the Visigoths wouldn’t ask his help to take their rights back from Roderick who usurped their properties and raped their lady.
——————————————————————-
to add a point here of why Eslam spread at this point throughout the world, that puzzled many historians - for there’s a fact many just miss about it - It was prophesized in the Holy Koran (The Romans Sign 1:7), that victory would come to Moslems the same time with Romans victory in few years (less than 7 years) , (it was difficult to believe by then as Moslems were still weak, and prohibited from entering Mecca ; and Persians at that time had their victories over the Romans. But exactly after 7 years Romans won victory over Persians, it was the same time when Moslems re-entered Mecca victoriously without bloodshed. And when tribes heard of this triumph and true prophecy they arrived in groups announcing their belief.
Predicted Victory :
Historical fact :
In 591 Mesopotamia’s fortresses fell before the armies of the Chosroes (ßÓÑí) , and Persian forces advanced into Asia minor penetrating as far as Chaldon - Phocas had instituted reign of terror in the capital , while the Phoenicians were torn by religious and civil strifes.
The advent of Heracles 510 -641 from north Africa ( Carthage ) : first 10 years of his reign entered sensational Persian triumphs unequal since the days of the Achamenides. Antioch fell in 611 , Jerusalem 614 , and conquest of Syria and Palestine was followed by that of Egypt .
In a series of brilliant campaigns based largely on the north eastern region of Asia minor Heraclius finally shattered the military might of Persia . Jerusalem was restored. p.629.
—————————————————————
Eslam in Middle East and Asia
The Middle East :
In only one year Caliph AboBakr followed by Caliph Omar Ebn El Khatab entered most of the Roman cities victoriously .
In 637 A.D. Syria , Iraq and Persia were all parts of the moslem world.
Ghassnassides, (minophisites Arab Christians ) who were persecuted by the Roman church at Constantinople took shelter in Moslem countries and aided the Moslems there.
After the completion of Moslem victories , Christians were merged with them and they had their freedom of worship and equality in states , most of them reached highest ranks .
————————————————————————————-
The Umayyads :
In 661 A.D. Caliph Moawia moved the capital to Damascus and there started a new art of Islamic building that continued to three hundred years. Its main features were buildings characterized by the main mosque facing east beside it residence of the amir or ruler.
The Caliph Abdelmalek Ibn Marawan especially took great care of the holy city ( Jerusalem ) . Caliphs made of the capital the greatest world’s civilized center for culture and art.
Dynasty end at 749 A.D.
——————————————————————————-
Mesopotamia ( Iraq ):
Land between the two rivers Degla (Tigris) and Euphrates .
Ancient Assyrian civilization : 2000-1000 B.C.
Middle Assyrian Civilization
New Age Assyrian Civilization 612 - 883 B.C.
The Mediens conquered Assyria 614 B.C. , then Phoenicia ( Phoenix ) and again after two years they conquered the capital and plundered and burned the cities . Trace for Assyrians disappeared.
The Babylonian civilization : South Iraq and the Sumarian civilization : south Babel ( to which the world owe the writing invention ).
First Babylonian dynasty 1893 -1595 B.C., there were efforts to unite the cities especially with the arrival of Hamurabi 1750 - 1792 B.C.
After this Kasssite dynasty 1157 - 1570 B.c.
followed by the Khaledines ,
after this Babel was under the Seleucids and Persians.
In 637 A.D. Iraq entered Eslam and it entered a great period of civilization flourishing again.
In 749 A.D. Caliph El Mansour moved the capital to Baghdad .
Enlightened Abbasid Caliphs 749 -1258 encouraged art, science and scientific researches and welcomed immigrants . A stage of scientific researching and laboratory work led to great development in all fields of art and science.
Abbasid art flourished in north Africa.
The eighth (8th) - eleventh (11th) century were the scientific golden age .
All the Eslamic states enjoyed cultural unprecedented flourishing from eastern Asia till the Atlantic Ocean .
By the thirteenth century crusaders allied with the Mongols to attack Moslem lands .
Genghis Khan’s campaign led to the destruction of Baghdad and its library with its unique documents ; he then attacked Constantinople and imprisoned the Moslem sultan Biazide 1258 A.D. Later Genghis khan’s sons adopted Eslam , they found their dynasty in Mongolia , then Peking ( China ), then northern Persia ; They then adopted Eslam and their state extended to Persia , India , Afghanistan , China east to Caspian and the Don rivers , Finland and Poland to the west.
They also ruled in the city of Muscovoy ( Moscow ), and had their cultural centers.
The Lutheran Kings of the west allied with Rus at east and attacked Eslamic cities by sea from west and south , and by land east and north; and were able to penetrate Moslem states.
Russians occupied Crimean , Don, Volga, Eslamic cities and mid Asia while western kings penetrated the middle east and southern and southern eastern Asia Many Eslamic cities were occupied , its inhabitants ethnic cleansed , and towns rehabilitated and given new names .
Horrific genocides took place.
———————————————————–
Kurds:
Ary group.
Spread in Iran , Turkey , Sami , Iraq , Russia , Lebanon , Afghanistan , Morocco and India .
There’s ambiguity about their origin; they have no relations to the Arabs and never had a united state . Some are Shafiis and others zraditsh and some in Mussel in Iraq worship stars (salia), from their tribes the Shabak . The yazidia in Sengar hills adopted Eslam from Persians.
Sufism was created in their homes and many of them are darawish, meridin and kazlabash. They speak Arian language.
Their history : a series of rebellion against Ottoman Turks, Iraq and Iran .
Sifr treaty gave them autonomy to use Kurdish areas in eastern Iraq , southern Armenia and borders between Turkey and Iraq .
Kurdistan is their origin , some spread in Arpil in Iraq .
Phoenicia ( Phoenix )
Western Asia ( Lebanon ).
Civilization of Phoenicia flourished in 2000 B.C.
Phoenicians became masters of sea trade and had their cities in most of the Mediterranean ports , as Tyre , Sida, Becaa in the east , Carthage ( Tunisia ) , and they were famous for their purple golden crafts.
They invented alphabets that were borrowed by the Greeks later together with the Phoenician coinage system. Bekaa was a trade route between the east and the west that caused its attack by Egyptians , Hittites and Babylonians. Phoenicia came under sea attacks that devastated it but it could flourish once again . Its main cities Biblos, Arad , Tyre , Sida were important trade routes till its conquest by Alexander the Macedonian 322 B.C. , followed by the rule of Seleucids.
Then the Romans conquered Carthage ( Tunisia ) and added it to the Roman states 146 B.C.
Moslems then ruled most of Roman states.
During the modern age Lebanon was enlarged.
After the civil war Lebanon was laid to ruins and many of its infrastructure was destroyed , while Tire’s cultural role diminished greatly because of its closeness to Jewish borders.
——————————————————————————–
Jerusalem :
History of Jerusalem goes back to the stone age about 25000 B.C. Semites settled in Palestine from Arabia and fluit weapons have been found near Jerusalem . Encyclop. Britannica p.7
After Alexander, Ptolemy possessions north of the Sinai desert including Palestine , then Palestine passed into the hands of the house of Seleucus . It was under Seleucid rule when the great uprising of the Jewish people , the revolt of the McCabes occurred. Hadrian captured Jerusalem and Jewish rebels fled to Bithar , but were defeated and slaughtered.
Hadrian turned Jerusalem into a Roman city and changed its name to Aelia Capitolina, built a temple of Jupiter on the site of the Jewish temple and forbade any Jew on pain of death to appear within sight of the city. Palestine continued direct under Roman rule.
Many researchers certify that the Arabs were the dominant inhabitants of Jerusalem from the beginning of its human habitation. What the Moslem Arabs did (A.D.638 ) was to put an end to the Roman occupation of Palestine and of Jerusalem as the native inhabitants , Christians , and pagans were descended from the original Carmel man of Palestine and of the Semitic Arab tribes of Amorites, Canaanites and others who had entered the land from Arabia in migratory waves.
Modern investigations based on archeology shows that the Hebrew were a limited group , that their rule in Jerusalem as a city state was of short duration , that the city states of Judea and Samaria were two of many scattered throughout Palestine , and the Hebrew rule ended as many successive foreign invasion ended (Hittites, Hyksos, Hurrians , Greeks and the Romans). While the period of uncontested Arab habitation in Jerusalem and Palestine covers at least 8000 years.
In 614 Chosrous II of Persia captured Jerusalem and ruined many buildings including the church of the Sculpture.
Chosroe II king of Persia made an inroad into Syria joined by Jews anxious to revenge their misfortunes, he swept on the country carrying plunder and destruction wherever he went. Church was destroyed and its treasures carried off, the other churches were razed to the ground .
Heracles defeated Chosrous and re-entered Jerusalem 629.
Heraclius then collected a huge army and in 634 marched against the Arabs . They met at Yarmuke river . Betrayed as it said by a Christian who had suffered personal wrong at the hands of certain of the Byzantine generals, the army of Heraclius was utterly defeated and with it fell the Byzantine empire in Syria and Palestine .
In 637 Omar Ebn El Khatab ousted the Romans but was careful not to harm the city. He built a wooden mosque which caliph Abdel Malek rebuilt in 688. He also reconstructed the Doom of the Rock.
In 1099 crusaders under Geoffery of Britton stormed Jerusalem and a horrible incarnage ensued..
Saladin occupied it 1187 and repaired the walls..
In 1517 Salim I the Ottoman took Jerusalem from Egypt .
After World War I , Jerusalem became the capital of the British mandated territory of Palestine .
In 1948 state of Israel was announced, and in 1949 Jerusalem was divided by an agreement between Israel and Jordan into two parts, the Arabs held the old city and the Jews held city capital of the country .
Encyclopedia Britannica . Vol. 13 . p.8.
Abyssinia : ( Ethiopia ) :
The origin of the African race lies in Sabaa ( Sheba ) in southern Africa , but their recorded history begins with the establishment of the kingdom of Axum in Tire.
Ethiopia : northeastern Africa , bordering Egypt and the red sea .
Official name for modern Abyssinia (Habashat). Abbassewni or Abissa .
The bulk of information is derived from Egyptian monuments , whence it appears that it was originally occupied by independent tribes , who were raided and gradually subjected by Egyptian kings (E.A.W Budge , The Egyptian Sudan).
Under the 18th dynasty Ethiopia became an Egyptian province administered by a viceroy called prince of Kesh.
Ethiopia became independent towards the 11th century B.C., a state was found having for its capital Napata . . The fortunes of the Ethiopian 25th dynasty belong to the history of Egypt .
About 660 B.C. Ethiopia continued independence.
Sovereignty became elective ; a deputation was sent to Nepata where the chief god Amen was to be succeeded and who became officially the god’s son,
Shortly after Nastesen’s accession , he was threatened by the invasion of Cambyzes the Persian conqueror of Egypt , but he destroyed the fleet sent by the invader up the Nile .
Capital was removed from Navada to Meroe ; around 23 B.C. the last was invaded by Petronius who took the fortress of Ibrim and sacked the capital, then Napata . The stretch of land between Aswan (Syene) and Maharraka (Hiera Sycaminus ) was regarded as belonging to the Roman empire .
Candace ( queen for whom a pyramid was built at Meroe ). A great builder was Netekamane who is represented with the queen Amanetari’, temples of Egyptian styles at many parts of the Nile .
In the Roman period the type of Egyptian sculpture changed from the Egyptian. In the 4th century the state of Meroe was ravaged by the Abyssinians and in the 6th its palace was taken by the Christian state of Nubia.(Dongola).
Many of the navigators referred in 1455 to the land of the Negroes on the Senegal as part of southern Ethiopia .
The Ethiopians appear to have derived their religion and civilization from the Egyptians. The royal manuscripts written in Hieroglyphic character and the Egyptian language.
Abyssinia dynasty :
The earliest part of the Axum chronicle preserved is that recording the wars of Amda Sion (1314-44) against the Muslims .
The Arab merchant from Yemen , who took on conversion the name Anba kom (Habakluk), translated a number of books from Arabic. Under Yakub (1605) , the valuable chronicle of John Nikiou was translated from Arabic. p. 780. Homilies also exist in large numbers , both original and translated , after the Arabic fashion in rhymed prose.
Early Moslems immigrated to Abyssinia , where its leader gave protection to them. He adopted Eslam and sent a mission to The Prophet , but the ship containing 60 men and his two sons was drowned in the red sea by the patriarchs.
As usual in present history books we’d notice resembling phrases :
“From the 7th c. with the expansion of Eslam until the mid of the 15th century , little is that is historically authentic can be recorded of that country .” p.75.
About 1490 began a series of European contacts . Portuguese started attacking Moslem villages . In 1520 a Portuguese fleet arrived carrying a mission that remained in Abyssinia for six years ,
Portuguese started attacking Moslem villages .
In 1520 a Portuguese fleet arrived carrying a mission that remained in Abyssinia for six years . Earliest European account of the city was written. After their departure Mohamed Gran regained the city from Zaila. In 1514 , Portuguese Stephen Da Gamma arrived at Masawa 1541 from India and landed a force of 450 musketeers under Christopher Da gamma with a fire small canon and attacked Moslem villages . In 1543 Gran was defeated and killed and Moslems retreated south. Gala tribes from south and east tried to return and spread northward and eastward till Memluks conquered them. .
In 1557 Portuguese started converting inhabitants but in 1633 the mission were massacerd or expelled , to the joy of the monophysite churches who claimed that : ‘the sheep of Ethiopia is now delivered from the hyenos of the west ‘. Gibbon comments : “the gates of the solitary realm were forever shut against the arts, science and fanaticism of Europe ”. In 1268 Abyssinia was united under Yakuno Anluk , the ruler called himself Magusa Nagsat ( king of kings or emperor) , claiming his descent from queen of Sheba .In 1805 the first British diplomatic mission under Viscount Valencia and Henry Salt was sent to conclude an alliance with Abyssinia and obtain a port on the red sea.
Enc. Britannica vol I p.76.
———————————————————————————-
Eslam at Persia :
Persia ’s civilization is one of the ancients.
The oldest the Akhamnides 538-331 B.C. till Alexander’s invasion 312 B.C.
Alexander crowned himself as king of Persians after the Persian king Darios and married a Persian woman Roxana. But Persians later regained those Persian lands that the Macedonians usurped.
The word Persian is derived from Parthian which is the period of the flourishing of ancient Persian civilization from 250 B.C till the third century A.D. , intruded by a short period of Roman invasion.
Parthava is one of the oldest Persian cities that included present lran, lndia, Armenia , and the crescent land ; and ths first Persian city was Nisar followed by the Sassanide dynasty from 3rd C. A.D- 7th century A.D. , named after king Sasan that was found in 227 A.D. by Artabanos.
The battle of kadesia brought on end to the Sassans rule.
Eslamic era :
Prophet Mohamed sent to Caiser (Kesra =Ceaser) king of Persia inviting him to Eslam but he tore the message and prepared an army for crushing Moslems ; soon his kingdom was to be torn apart.
His army though greatly exceeding in number that of Moslems could not face the boldness of the brave believers. and though he chained soldiers together so that they won’t escape, yet they retreated in front of the bold Moslem army moving hastily backwards that they fell in the ditch they had previously prepared for Moslems. Thus their army was annihilated and entirely defeated.
With the marriage of Husein Ibn Ali Ibn Abu Taleb with the daughter of the last Sassanian king , Persia entered the Islamic era.
During the Samanides dynasty 819- 1005 A.D, Persia was enlarged to include the Transoxania area , khawarezm and east Turkistan under the karanides rule 991-1211 A.D., while the northern mountain areas were ruled by the Twondi dynasty 665-1349 A.D. , and the Zirides dynasty 927-1090 A.D.
With the Boyades dynasty , Persia and Iraq were united 932-1092 A.D.
The Abbasids Caliphs ruled only namely from 900-1250 A.D., as the states’ governors and jobs were run by Persians.
The tolerance of the Moslem Caliphs and their interest in Persian culture led to the flourishing of Persian art, architecture and civilization.
In architecture buildings and garden planning's, the Persian Eslamic buildings were marked by the building of rulers’ residence beside the main mosque or school centers, attached to it were rulers’ graves that used to be religious mazarat.
Many immigrated to Persia and adopted Eslam.
Persian rulers utilized Roman immigrants from Anatolia who adopted Eslam and were under Samanids’ rulers in Samarqand. They were merged with the Persian culture (from them were the Seljuk Romans) .
Seljuk Romans then could rule at Baghdad and one of their building features were the inns or small hotels usually with a fountain, at the main roads to receive and protect travelers .
With the Seljuk Romans, Persia entered a new flourishing cultural era and Persians presented the highest art , especially of carpet making, to the world.
Other dynasties :
Tahirides dynasty 730-821 A.D.
Safavides dynasty 961-1186 A.D. Despite the Mongol tempest that ended the rule of khawarezm shah’s in the Afghanistan territory 1221 A.D., the Mongol (Ghenkiz khan’s sons) later adopted Eslam and merged with the Persians during their rule to Persian Pangab, and Afghani states , and again culture and art centers flourished .
In 1509 Persia & Iraq were united again under the Safavides rule with Tebriz then Asfahan as Capital.
The 16th 18thCs saw the war between Seljuk Romans (Turks) and Persians.
In the new age, the Policy of the shah of Iran led to the westernization of Persia till the Khomeini’s revolution .
————————————————————————-
Eslam in India :
Since long, India was a trading route. Many Arabs and Persian travelers settled there especially by the coast of Malabar .
Inhabitants started to learn about Eslam from Arabian traders. With the arrival of Moslem Arabian merchants from the Arabian peninsula , and the sea travelers, convert to Eslam increased.
There is a famous myth about the convert of Samori (Zamori), king of seas to Eslam in kalicut.
Since the 7th and 8th century a number of Arabian and Persian immigrants to eastern and western Indian coasts increased.
Sind was the first Indian country Arabs traveled to and settled in.
Most of Indian inhabitants converted to Eslam and many sultanates had risen, its kings were called kings of Delhi .
Ghazni state was ruled by Seluktigen which was enlarged during his son’s reign Mohamed Ghazni to include Pangab- Sind- Khorasan - Persia and behind Galal.
Culture flourished during Ghazni’s rule and its capital Ghazni ( Afghanistan now) was a big cultural center.
For a while eastern Afghanistan was united with Kashmir .
It was followed by the Ghuri state -mid of Afghanistan which included most of Ghazni’s states.
In 1210 A.D. Delhi became ruled by Shams El Din Tatmish and became capital of India , and this Sultanate became Indian’s greatest power for the next hundred and fifty years.
There was the Bari state then the Khalgy and the second quarter of the 14th c. A.D. Toghluk tried to unite Indian states.
Other sultanate of eastern Ganipur:
Juzarat soltanate 1461-1573 A.D.
Dakani Soltanate 1528-1346 A.D.
Behmani sultanate of northern Deccan .
Zafr Khan Ghazi 1336- 1347 A.D. moved the capital to Bidar 1428 A.D. then Efrangon.
Mongol ruled India 1560-1620 A.D.
17th and 18th c.
Togluk tried to unite India till the arrival of Timor lank 1398 A.D. , but Zaher El Din Mohamed Baber was the first to establish the Mongol dynasty in India in 1530 A.D.
During reign of Babor (one of Ghenkiz Khan’s grandsons) , the Mongolian empire was founded in India 16th c.
Followed by Husein’s state who was forced to flee to Persia by Shuhan.
Akbar Fahd was the real founder of the Mongol state 1560 A.D. He married to princess Rajput and as tolerant as usual with Moslems , he allowed her to practise her Hindu religion.
Nezam Haidar Abad 18thc.
Peaceful immigration played a great role in the spread of Eslam till the arrival of western conquerors where hundred of Moslem cities were attacked and fully destroyed.
—————————————————————————
Indonesia:
Arabian merchants came with good news about Eslam that Indonesians awaited its arrival. Eslam spread between Indonesians and their indo mali culture merged with them.
Hayan rik ruled with the title Raga Pamagawa in Bali .
Eslam spread through the northern west of Sumatra by the Arabian merchants and Indonesian rulers welcomed Moslems with their religion of tolerance and equality.
Moslems were masters of merchantry and protectors of the Indonesians.
Art and culture flourished and Malaga flourished as a cultural and trade center.
By the beginnings of the 16th c. the Maga Spoheit dynasty got weak.
And before in the 15th c. Vasco Da Gamma 1497 had arrived in the Sandaein islands while Alfonso Bukirk occupied Malaga 1519 followed by the Dutch occupation.
————————————————————————————-
Eslam spread peacefully in other Asian countries as Philippines , Thailand , Vietnam , and most of eastern Asia .
————————————————————————————–
Armenia :
Armenia !!!! Over a thousand year Eslamic.
1st century Armenia was part of the kingdom of Urarta (Ararat), it was ruled by Persian Arsacids .
In 4th c. it became Roman and Christianity was imposed on it. By the 7th c. it entered Eslam.
Its Moslem ruler Ashad Bagratony was granted the title “prince of princes”, and the capital of the first Moslem empire was named Bagaran, then Sierra Cavan then Ani which remained its capital until the 11th c.
Armenia was enlarged greatly from 11th to 12th century as result of trade, 150 states were united.
In the second half of the 11th century Armenia became part the Moslem Seljuk Romans’ Empire.
In the 12th c. rich Armenian Christians of Celicia, (by this time south of Taurus Hills), southern Turkey - allied with crusaders and allowed their lands as passage for crusaders to the east. But Mameeukes of Egypt regained Armenia from crusaders till 14th c. when Ottomans ruled it. Armenia remained Moslem till 19th c. start of modern western attacks. Propaganda: Early in the 18th century , the Armenian mekhitarist fathers had already established printing presses in Vienna and had revived the Armenian and Greco-Roman classics p.379.
The Russians appeared in Trans-Caucasia and occupied Georgia 1801. They gradually occupied also the khanates of Sherven and Sheki Yerivan. They assisted the Armenian church to recognize itself. With the close of Russian Turkish war of 1878 came in consequence British invention . Armenian underground parties believed that the more noise they made the more attention they derived. And in 1896 elected Msgr. Ormaniau as patriarch. When the Turks entered World war I , the Armenian leaders assured them of their loyalty.
By 1915 Armenian lack of loyalty led the Turkish government to deport them to Syria and Mesopotamia . The Russians conquered Turkish Armenia in 1916 and proclaimed its liberation from Turks , but bared surviving people from returning to their homes because they had planned to colonize the country with Cossacks . p.30. and in 1918 Balfour said Britain would do erect to decide the future of Armenia . P.380.
Azerbaijan was conquered by the red army, followed by a communist rise in Armenia . Treaty of Seville recognized Armenia as a free independent state and fate of Armenia was decided by the armed forces of Russia and Turkey .
In 1922 Armenia , Georgia and Azerbaijan became a part of Soviet federation In 1936 they became a constituent republic of USSR .
Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.2 p.. 380.
—————————————————————-
Eslam in China and Siberia
Eslam in China :
Eslam spread in China during the Tang dynasty (618-906), 7th century. Eslam spread by Arabian merchants who arrived from all over Islamic world, especially through Manchuria (Khitan), and through the international silk road. Tang extended into Korea and incorporated Mongolia , establishing protectorate of Annam ( Vietnam ). There were also expeditions into Japan ( Nara ), that was greatly influenced by China . Chinese introduced the art of papermaking to Samarqand. In 676 Ibn Abbas brought Eslam into Samarqand (Soviet center of Asia), and Samarqand was an active participant in international trade along the the Silk Route and the city was renowned for its papermaking and paper was traded westward from China to central Asia and Persia . paper was exchanged between east Europe and Asia through the silk road. Though Samarqand was destroyed by Genghis khan in 1220 , it was handsomely restored between 1334 and 1360. The Eslamic architecture of China and south west Asia still remains little known and poorly documented. It was probably not until the influxes of the 8th centuries that Moslems arrived in China (by both land and sea), though the foundations of several mosques such as Canton may go back to this early period, most of the Islamic architecture in China is more recent but it is also typically Chinese. (Architecture of the Eslamic world -edited by George Michel - Thames and Hudson ) . During the T’ang dynasty art and poetry reached new heights. Under Hussein Tsung 712-756 lived the greatest poets and painters. The Tang allowed all religions and races to flourish in an atmosphere of tolerance and intellectual curiosity - the capital Changan became a great cosmopolitan center as in other cities and ports, and China opened her frontiers so widely to foreign trade and cultures and it extended into western Turkistan . Though remains of the Tang dynasty are few there are Islamic arts associated with the Tang of china as the potteries. (Islamic art - David Talbot Rice). Fabric: some shapes demonstrate clear affinities with Chinese forms. In 907 the dynasty was brought to an end, with its end China incorporated a policy of isolation . Succeeded by Kitan (907-1125), followed by the five dynasties 907-960 , then the Sung dynasty 960-1279 ; when it was threatened from northeast, the Sung called the Chin (golden Tatars) for help. Then came Mongols , Tamuchin or Genghis Khan invaded China in the 13th century, and defeated the Chin. Mongols overran China in 1280 and quickly adopted the Chinese culture , and in 1279 Kublai khan ( the Moslem ruler) became emperor of all China and it was one of the great creative periods of Chinese culture. Their dynasty was called Yuan , he made its capital at Khanbaliq - , site of modern Peking, he ruled not only over China but over most of the Mongol empire with its western frontiers in Mesopotamia and Europe , stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific. Though his rule was disputed by his house in Turkistan , it was acknowledged by those of the Volga whose rule reached Poland and by his brother Holagu whose rule extended from the Oxus to the Arabian desert . There were several expeditions to Japan . The great astronomical instruments of his scientists were preserved in Peking , but were carried to Berlin in 1900. The court of Khublaikhan was visited by the Venetian merchant Marco polo( the first European to visit china (1275), and written about. Most of the city was destroyed by fire by a Buddhist at the fall of the Dynasty (Splendours of the East- Wheeler). In 1368 , a Buddhist monk Chu Chang expelled the Yuan and moved capital to Nanking 1368-1644. As soon as the Abbasid power began to wane in the 10th century the local samanids took over parts of central Asia . The following Moslem Turkic dynasties- Ghaznavides- Ghurids, Tumurids and Mongols re-established political control over the area, though dominions of the Qarakhanids and Shahanids remained north and west of the Oxus river.
Mongol khanate under Oriangtay ruled southern China together with the Tuan dynasty. Tuan ruler Sayed Ogal (origin from Bakhar), ruled Yunan (1274-1279) , one of his important works were the hydraulic achievements, his Moslem sons won victory for Yunan (southern China ), and ruled 1382 and their dynasty continued to 1644. The ch’ing dynasty 1644-1911: Under imperial patronage, history and text criticism were undertaken by the school of Han learning, a movement to restore the authenticity of ancient works and to strip away the accretions of later centuries. Then came pressure by Europeans to gain a foothold in China , then Russian advance and capture of Albazen 1839. The west desired admission into China to market their products and obtain raw materials. In 1839 hostilities broke and war dragged until 1842 treaty of Nankin providing the session of Hong Kong to Britain and opening ports. p.525.
Through a series of military defeat China was progressively forced to cede to foreign powers, Russia , Japan , Germany , Britain and France . p.619. (The dictionary of art - edited by Jane Turner).
——————————————————————
There’s an Arabian proverb : ask learning even in China , but Moslems had reached beyond China .
There is also evidence of Moslems being in Siberia .
Khan is a title of respect in Moslem countries .From Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 20.
Siberia :
Earlier inhabitants came from the Mongolian plateau in the 3rd century. In the fifth century Turkish peoples (Kharkass) and Augurs were compelled to immigrate north eastwards from their homes.
Kharkas empire lasted till the beginning of the 13th century while it was destroyed by the Mongols.
By the end of the 15th century, Tatar fugitives from Turkistan subdued tribes of Mansy and Khanti (east of Urals) and found a Siberian khanate with its capital kashluk (or Sibir).
Russian extension from Moscow brought the Russian and the Tatars into collision.
In 1555 the Siberian Khan Yadiger had to pay tribute of 1000 sables.
In 1568 Kikov extended Russian colonization and a small army was recruited to conquer new lands for the tsar. Russians laid seige to the residence of khan Kuchum at Sibir . p.598. and Yermak entered Sibir in 1582.
In 1584 Yermak was drowned in the Irtysh while fighting Kuchum’s counter offensive. Russians abandoned Siberia but new bands of hunters and adventurers however thronged across the Urals every year and were supported by Moscow .
At the beginning of the 17h c. Russian expansion reached the Yenisei river …. p.598
———————————————————————-
Another clan of the Normans (Rus) .
(Rus) :
Origin of the Rus:
From Encyclopedia Brittanica :
Evidence of Arabian, Persian and Viking remainder through main trade routes.
Rus: a varangian tribe , in ancient times related to the Swedes, Angles, and North men.
The line of duke of Moscow starts from Alexander Nevsky’s younger son Daniel. Their genealogy during the domination of the khanate of the Golden Hordes in Russia -1240-1480 as they had to ingratiate themselves with the khans of the golden horde to receive the Yarlyk (permission) as dukes .
They regularly journeyed to the Sarai (the capital of the khans at the mouth of the Volga ) , and returned as chief collectors of the Tatar tribute, which gave them power over other dukes p.693.
Muscovite dukes soon succeeded in increasing their possession, extending their domains by purchase and by violence over the whole province of Moscow .
Demetrius (Demetry) , adding to it the upper Volga region. Metropolitans of the Russian church in the person of Peter, Theognost and Alexius settled in Moscow and added to their title grand dukes of all Russia leading boyars and men of service to come in crowds to serve the grand dukes of Russia .
Demetrius then attacked the Tatars of the Golden Horde led by Mamai in a bloody battle in 1380. Two years later Taktamush sacked and burned Moscow , but was defeated by Timor Lank, his former protector and Mongol rule lasted another hundred years.
In 1471-1485 Ivan III attacked and acquired Novgorod and Tver, enlarging Russian territories.
Successive wars followed extending the western frontier to the golf of Finland .
Aid of Cremean Khan was available to put an end to the khanate of the golden horde. But later Evan took offensive against the khanate of Crimea , refused the tribute and fortified his acquired territories against the Tatars . He then married Zoe (Sophia) the only niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Paleologus 1472 . Since then Muscovite church considered itself successor of the Byzantine emperors and the only representative of the Orthodox church in the world.
Vol.19 .
—————————————————————–
Eslam at Iceland
Islam at Iceland :
Moslems traveled through the oceans and reached its remote isles. In some descriptions one is typical to Iceland and Tirniq (new land), with the evidence of Islamic coins found in Budal , high at Mizar (at Iceland ) and in Deitland near to the north Pole. From book of Civilization of the West. p.56.
—————————————————————-
Eslam in South Africa
Islam at South Africa :
In A.D.659 the Arab Abdul Malik landed in east Africa; several routes from the Mediterranean appear to have been followed across the desert from very remote times The first undisputable trans-Saharan connection grew out of the Arab immigration into north Africa.
The 7th c. Arab venture to the east coast and central Africa was followed by others. A belt of settlements and culture reached from the Lamu to the Zambizi river. It appears to have been the product of the immigration direct from Arabia with some increments from Iran and India . Moslems spread across central and western Sahara .
City dwellers there were converted and generally treated well by the Moslems.
Encyclopedia Britannica p.330.
Moslems began pushing southwards across the Sahara following naturally marked lines of the infiltration that had been increasingly used ever since the introduction of the camel in the last year of the Roman empire .
A fresh wave of the Arab immigration emerged anew beyond the Sahara and Islam promptly took hold. The first knowledge of central Africa was contributed by Arabs.
Zanzibar was founded by Said of Muscat and rapidly attained importance.
Zanzibar = the first reference to Zanzibar occurs only after the rise of Eslam.
Arabs began to immigrate to the great cities of east Africa ; in the time of Ptolemy an Arab from Zanzibar crossed the continent from Benguela ( Encyclopedia Britannica Vol I).
The Arab geographer Yakut records that in his time the people of Languja, the Swahili name for zanzibar had taken refugee from their enemies on Tumbatu, the inhabitants of which were Moslems (Khalifse Ebn Harib sultan in 911). In 1503 Zanzibar was attacked by Portuguese. In 1890 what was left of the settlements was proclaimed a British protectorate.
Benguela = banto-ngolu = Angola (southeast Africa ).
Before the 15th c. was concluded, Portuguese mariners and armies drived Moslems out and Portuguese converted dwellers to Christianity. p 330. They converted the Arabized east-coast settlements between Sofala and cape Guardafui .
By 1510 all these Moslem settlements had been seized by Portugal , Mozambique being chosen as the chief city of its east African possessions.
In the lower and middle Zambezi valley Portuguese found semi civilized tribes who had been for many years in contact with the coast Arabs. Rhodesia :
Strenuous efforts were made to obtain possession of the country (modern Rhodesia ) or kingdom of Mouomotapa , where gold had been worked by the natives, and whence the Arabs , whom the Portuguese dispossessed were still obtaining supplies in the 16th century.
But Portugal ’s hold on the regions weakened during the 17th c. and ceased in the 18th c. ; it’s possessions annexed by Spain , then ceded to the Dutch.
Occupation at the Cape of good hope were continuously occupied by British troops .
Enc. Britannica p.935 .
—————————————————————
That was just a high lightning of some facts omitted from history , which historians and nations behind weren’t fair to , by forgetting and denying its truth and ; It sounds also somehow unfair to some generations who not only passed by silently , but without trace.
—————————————————————-
Thus It’s fair to say that it was Moslems who preserved the Orthodox Christianity in all the countries that welcomed them as tolerant liberators , and the majority of the inhabitants of these countries willingly accepted Eslam. Situation in Syria , the middle east , Asia , north Africa , whatsoever , the citizens chose willingly to convert , the few who chose to keep by their old faiths were granted full rights and freedom; Christians and Jews lived with Moslems with tolerance unmatchable in any non-Moslem country as moslems’ brothers in religion.
Recent politically motivated tension they try to propagate for ex. as in Egypt never existed for ever fourteen centuries of Eslamic tolerant rule; tolerance and brotherhood that really deserves admiration. While just compare where Catholics stormed peaceful Eslamic states and enforced Catholic creed under threat of death or exile later re-enforced by the inquisitions, no Moslem, Orthodox Christians or Jews ever remained , and 100% of inhabitants were forcibly converted Catholics.
Question :
where have Moslems in previous Moslem countries gone ?
most of them .. what ?
First in all those countries they were native citizens, citizens who opt to convert to Eslam as native Spanish Moslems, Sicilian Moslems, Greek Moslems etc., if they had to go anywhere it was under that soil ;
WHERE HAD THEY GONE ?
they were … they were literally and brutally
ETHNIC CLEANSED. .
References : -
-The History Of Art , McGraw Hill
-The Cambridge Medieval History
-Encyclopedia Of World Arts , Mc Graw Hill
-The Encyclopedia Britannica-History Of Europe by J.M. Roberts
- Venice And Antiquity , Fortini Brown
-York University Press.-Medieval History Encyclopedia ( old edition ).
-Moslem Discovery Of Europe
-B. Lewis.-Western Civilizations
-Their History And Culture – Burns.
-Monks Of War , Their Military Religious Orders , Desmond Seward.
-Publishing A.A. Explorer., Christopher Somerville
- Greek Islands , Victor Walker.
-The New English Encyclopedia Britannica .
-Architecture Of The Islamic World by George Michel
- Thames and Hudson.-Eslamic Art
-David Talbot Rice.-Ancient Egyptian Religion by A.Estendorf.
- Egypt And Egyptians by Alex. Vasili.-Splendours Of The East , Wheeler.
-The Dictionary Of Art edited by Jane Turner.
-Historical facts –The Middle Ages by Richard O’Neil.
-History Of Europe by J.M. Roberts.
-The Macmillan Encyclopedia Of Art.
Brothers ….
Hello brothers
Democracy!
you know so well to use the word
But as humans we deserve the truth
And nothing else for us is worth
So,
W hat do you know about our tale
It’s not a tale of wars we fought
We’re not your enemies as taught
Your brethren hold their olives branch
Don’t crush it with such ignorance
That when the light of truth shall shine
Ignorance , intolerance, fanaticism
And anything like that will go
I’ll tell you what those tutors were
And how the odds could take nowhere
As I reveal this secret tale
Shall you then their guilt restore
Or give a blind eye to a fact
That had on humans large impact
Or in a new shade do explain
The evidence of what remain.
Long ago ,
Eslamic lands were sealed with secrecy
Southern Gaul, Corsica, Sardinia
Crete , Cyprus and Armenia
Hundreds of years
Arabian years
Sealed with secrecy
By mistfull tacts
And by mysterious gaps.
Andalusia, Alitalia, Allemania, & Macedonia
But Moslems then subjected to you
And what you then have done
You know ..
Only the facts you want to show .. you show
Then facts were mingled with myths
And new names laid down for your thesis
Moslems giants deserve recognition
Avicenna, Averose and Omer,
Italian renaissance can tell
Arabian books were translated well
Salerno were Arabian school
for science gave light for all
Earliest university Europe had known
From there on renaissance had grown
Till closed by vulnerable Napoleon
In the year eighteen hundred and eleven
Like Andalusia ( Spain )
The same sad story
A nation vanished from the map
And only left some stones to grieve
But the shifting grieving stones had then
no time
for unto your glory transferred
And Andalusia thus no more
Would bear her children Moslem born.
The rest to flee.
Only the scientists you would keep
Translate their books
Renovate their homes
Then say they never had a trace
It’s only we masters of race
Normans , north men
The vandal race.
And Muscovite
You hear of it ? ( Moscow )
The Mongol palaces are there
We see it but in a new wear
It’s fine pieces of art and craft
But who its real builders were ?
Moslems!
More brothers,
The Balkan suffered your bloodshed
With all the ethnic cleanse you’ve made
The wends, the heathens, the northern Moslem Saracens
Teutonic orders, sword orders, other orders
Whom do you kill?
And Groznyy now ..
A city ? how?
You’ve raised its houses to the ground
And closed a bit your conscience sound
About civilians ,
rebels are terrorists
We target them and not civilians
But no civilians had remained
Deserted land ..
Deserted homes
For tolerance you left no room
No brothers ,
authorizing ethnic cleansing is a crime we must halt
romanticizing ethnic hatred is a shame we must exalt
We love you brothers
Try to love us to
And with remorse our mercy is due
Peace be on you , and us and all
And grace..
Sorry but .. the holocaust,
Was it also you
The running cross to pure the continent
of anyone who didn’t hold the cross as you
Not only Jews
Moslems of Europe vanished too
though till now secret history
Do you now think of ethnic cleansing me
I wouldn’t mind to say the truth
And die free.
Listen brothers,
We can do like you
We cab beautify our deeds
And claim to you
That it's all true
We can kill the Jew
And any one who won’t follow
but it’s not our creed
And we never did
And why you do
You leave us with
Our sorrows bleed
We love you brothers
Try to love us too
And with remorse
Our mercy is due
I’ll tell you more :
If you think of your grandparents
Under threat of death baptized
To abide by what their killers
Had then said
You think it’s wise ?
Sorry but it’s facts and truths
Simply filed in their new books
Why you think fanaticism
From nice people thus can stem
If they leave you free to think
You’ll know the truth by instinct
Rebel and think
Open the Vatican door
Before the rest of documents exist no more.
More
And more and more
Sad Palestine
Our hearts had torn
And all it gets from globe is just
Silence , ignore
And silence , silence
Say no more
And Iraq there
Explosions , blasts
And blind air strikes
and cities bombed
And cities gone
And damage here
And ruins there
And tombs for all
And prison dark
And torture by
The U.S. force
and U.K. arms
Of democratizing raids.
And when is that
It’s safety shore.
And all is gone
Or there remains
A beam of hope
For those who still
Remain human
Beneath the rubbles
We heard a groan
Don’t leave this case of war alone
As Syria , Iran , Turkey . .
I bet you’ll do the same again
Why brothers ?
the Moslems you eradicate
They are barbarians ; infidels;
No ,
Know them before you propagate
At least they never bear you hate
And understand , collaborate
To tolerate
Peace be on all and grace.
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق